English Colonization

English Attempts to Colonize Sir Humphrey Gilbert on Newfoundland – 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert on Newfoundland – 1583 Raleigh on Roanoke island – 1580’s Raleigh on Roanoke island – 1580’s Why did it fail? Why did it fail? Conflict w/ Spain prevents re-supply, Indian attack, disease…”LOST COLONY”, “CROATOAN” Conflict w/ Spain prevents re-supply, Indian attack, disease…”LOST COLONY”, “CROATOAN”

England challenges Spain “Sea Dogs” British pirates or British heroes? “Sea Dogs” British pirates or British heroes? Raid Spanish treasure ships Raid Spanish treasure ships The most infamous Sea Dog – The most infamous Sea Dog –  Sir Frances Drake knighted by Queen Elizabeth the First Spain’s honor is called into question Spain’s honor is called into question

A Turning Point King Philip II will challenge England King Philip II will challenge England 1588 Philip masses an “Invincible Armada” to defeat England 1588 Philip masses an “Invincible Armada” to defeat England The Spanish Armada is defeated by weather (Protestant Wind, God blew and they were scattered) and skill of British sailors The Spanish Armada is defeated by weather (Protestant Wind, God blew and they were scattered) and skill of British sailors The Turning Point – Spain's defeat opens up the New World to England, France and the Netherlands The Turning Point – Spain's defeat opens up the New World to England, France and the Netherlands

Why is the defeat of the Armada a turning point? Defeat of the Armada changes the world Defeat of the Armada changes the world Gives England control of the Atlantic Ocean Gives England control of the Atlantic Ocean Defeat and demise of Spain Defeat and demise of Spain English could now easily settle and supply colonies in the New World. English could now easily settle and supply colonies in the New World.

Reasons for English Colonization Economic Reasons Economic Reasons Drive of the Middle Class Drive of the Middle Class Joint Stock Company Joint Stock Company Primogeniture Primogeniture Need for resources Need for resources Surplus population Surplus population

Surplus Population Enclosure Movement - sheep herding replaces farming for the landowners Enclosure Movement - sheep herding replaces farming for the landowners Woolens – beginnings of textile industry Woolens – beginnings of textile industry Surplus population – landless farmers migrate to cities Surplus population – landless farmers migrate to cities

Joint Stock Companies Enticed by Spain’s New World wealth Enticed by Spain’s New World wealth English investors seek New World profits through New World settlements English investors seek New World profits through New World settlements English monarchs will grant charters to stock holders English monarchs will grant charters to stock holders Their rights as Englishmen will be extended to the New World (Magna Carta) Their rights as Englishmen will be extended to the New World (Magna Carta) Virginia Company will settle in Jamestown, Virginia and the Plymouth Colony will settle in Massachusetts Virginia Company will settle in Jamestown, Virginia and the Plymouth Colony will settle in Massachusetts

King James I “gives” or “states” the following in the charter issued to the Plymouth and London Company “all people who serve in either company in the English colonies would retain their rights and privileges as English subjects” The charter stated – “have and enjoy all liberties, Franchises, and immunities … as if they had been Abiding and born within our realm of England, or Any other of our said domains.”

Jamestown Events Hardship, hardship, hardship Hardship, hardship, hardship The Voyage – marked by death The Voyage – marked by death Questionable site location Questionable site location Questionable personnel selection Questionable personnel selection Questionable motives of stock company Questionable motives of stock company Harsh weather Harsh weather

Three keys to survival Rule of John Smith Rule of John Smith John Rolfe’s Marriage John Rolfe’s Marriage Rolfe – Tobacco Rolfe – Tobacco Long Range problem with Tobacco?? Long Range problem with Tobacco??

Importance of 1619 !!!  House of Burgesses – elected assembly, landowning men over 17 had the right to vote, seed of American representative government  First Slaves brought into Virginia  Shipload of “90 maidens”

Maryland Proprietary colony settled by Lord Baltimore Proprietary colony settled by Lord Baltimore Provided a safe haven for Catholics, profit for founder through land sales Provided a safe haven for Catholics, profit for founder through land sales Margaret Brent – 1647 given right to vote in colonial assembly, diffuses a Protestant mutiny Margaret Brent – 1647 given right to vote in colonial assembly, diffuses a Protestant mutiny Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649 religious freedom for Christians, death to Jews and atheists Maryland Act of Toleration – 1649 religious freedom for Christians, death to Jews and atheists Early step to religious freedom in New World Early step to religious freedom in New World

West Indies – Way Station Defeat of Armada opens area to English Defeat of Armada opens area to English Economy based on Sugar Economy based on Sugar  Rich Man’s Crop  Capital Intensive – Land and Refinery  Dependence on sugar led to food imports Used Slave Labor from Africa Used Slave Labor from Africa  1640 – 1690 over 250,000 slaves  By 1700 slaves outnumbered English

Slave Codes Everything is a Master’s Prerogative Everything is a Master’s Prerogative Slaves have no legal status Slaves have no legal status Severe punishments, whippings, splitting of noses, burning Severe punishments, whippings, splitting of noses, burning Owners not liable for injury or death to slaves Owners not liable for injury or death to slaves

Carolina Founded in 1663 by group of English nobles Founded in 1663 by group of English nobles Proprietary colony with profits from land sales and trade goods Proprietary colony with profits from land sales and trade goods Tobacco & indigo growers, slave owners, rice plantations, naval stores are the economic backbone Tobacco & indigo growers, slave owners, rice plantations, naval stores are the economic backbone Indian slave trade Indian slave trade

Carolina’s strength Busiest seaport, open to all religions Busiest seaport, open to all religions Slave capital of early colonies Slave capital of early colonies Aristocratic Atmosphere Aristocratic Atmosphere Contact / Trade with British West Indies Contact / Trade with British West Indies

North Carolina Carolina splits into North and South – 1712 Carolina splits into North and South – 1712 Aristocracy vs. Frontiersmen Aristocracy vs. Frontiersmen Many were from poverty, outcasts, religious dissenters, Squatters Many were from poverty, outcasts, religious dissenters, Squatters Will become a free thinking democratic outpost of the soon to be 13 colonies Will become a free thinking democratic outpost of the soon to be 13 colonies

Georgia Founded – 1733, homeland of many Indian tribes Founded – 1733, homeland of many Indian tribes Last of the 13 colonies to be settled Last of the 13 colonies to be settled Originally a BUFFER colony against Spanish Florida Originally a BUFFER colony against Spanish Florida Better known as a DEBTORS colony started by James Oglethorpe Better known as a DEBTORS colony started by James Oglethorpe All Christians except Catholics All Christians except Catholics Poor climate, no slavery until 1750 slow it’s development Poor climate, no slavery until 1750 slow it’s development

Southern Commonalities Plantation Economy Plantation Economy Staple Crops Staple Crops Aristocratic Atmosphere Aristocratic Atmosphere Scattered Population – Little social atmosphere Scattered Population – Little social atmosphere Lived along rivers Lived along rivers Tax supported church Tax supported church Some religious toleration Some religious toleration Back country element, pineys Back country element, pineys Soil Butchery Soil Butchery