Chapter 25 Nationalism in Europe Section 25.1 The Unification of Italy Chapter 25 Nationalism in Europe

Five main reasons Italy was not yet a nation 1. Italy was broken into many states. 2. Apennine Mountains make movement in the country difficult. 3. Po River makes movement in the country difficult. 4. Pope didn't want unification. 5. Other European countries didn't want to see unification

What factors led to Italian Unification? Nationalism birthplace of the Renaissance good leadership

I. Nationalist in Italy Nationalist-Risorgimento (resurgence) Goals were liberation and unification Many ideas come from Renaissance Had to form secret societies Carbonari- Giuseppe Mazzini- emotional leadership -formed the Young Italy movement dedicated to spreading the ideas of a republic 1848 revolts led to an overthrow of Austrian rule for a short time Only Kingdom of Sardinia remained independent Liberals and unification Camillo Benso di Cavour- political leadership- Sardinian chief minister supported the goals of the liberals (only independents)

II. Sardinia, France, and Austria Cavour’s Sardinia Strengthened army, established banks, factories, and railroads, and improved trade Increased Sardinia’s political influence with good politics Saw Austria as barrier to Italian unification Napoleon III Thought that if Austria was driven from Italy France might dominate the Italian states Cavour hoped that other Italian states would join Sardinia in an alliance against both Austria and France Cavour developed a secret plan for Austria to declare war on Sardinia War with Austria 1. French and Sardinian forces drive out Austria and other Italian states unify 2. France is afraid of bringing Prussia in so they sign a peace treaty 3. Started revolt in other states and overthrew Austrian rulers and unified under the Kingdom of Sardinia

III. Garibaldi and the Thousand Kingdom of the Two Sicilies now was the target of nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi- military leadership- recruited an army Crossed Italy’s mainland and unified the south Cavour sent an army from the north to annex the papal states 1860- Garibaldi and Emmanual II met in Naples Promised to support the establishment of the kingdom of Italy with Victor Emmanual as king and Garibaldi as governor of Naples King refused

Unification Leaders Mazzini- emotional leadership- HEART Cavour- political leadership- MIND Garibaldi- military leadership- STRENGTH

IV. Unification and its problems 1860 most of Italy held plebiscites and voted for unity under king of Sardinia By 1870 all of Italy was united with the capital in Rome Problems Few experienced self-government Regions remained divided a. Industrialized north and agricultural south Standard of living was low