1. ITALY

2. The Congress of Vienna (1815)
Returns Northern Italy to the Austrian Empire (Milan, Venetia, Tuscany)
The rest of Italy is Fragmented into a number of different states.
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont
Papal States, Savoy, Nice, & Others …
Creates Concert of Europe

3. The Unification of Italy

4. The Fathers of Italian Nationalism

5. Risorgimento Name given to the nationalist movement in Italy
Italian word meaning “Resurgence”
This movement grew throughout the early 1800s

6. Giuseppe Mazzini Involved in Revolutionary CARBONARI in 1820s
In 1831, Mazzini called for all Italian patriots to join his YOUNG ITALY MOVEMENT.
YOUNG ITALY began as a system of secret societies and was dedicated to spreading the Risorgimento.
“Neither pope nor king, but rather a Republic should rule Italy.”

7. 1848 Revolutions
Liberals and nationalists lead revolts in several of the Italians states.
Constitutions were established in 3 of the Italian states. [T, 2S, PS]
Revolutionaries seize Rome in spring of 1849
Monarchs regain control by July, 1849, and throw out the new constitutions
SARDINIA is the only Italian state to keep their independence.

8. Camillo Benso Di Cavour Prime Minister of Sardinia
Appointed as
Prime Minister of Sardinia
A Monarchist, yet liberal
Believed in REALPOLITIK (Machiavellian politics)
Helped to reform economy and agriculture of Sardinia
Built Railroads
Supported free trade

9. Crimean War 1854-1856 Russia tries to seize Ottoman territory
Britain and France step in to help the Ottomans
WHY do you think Britain & France step in?
Sardinia joins in and supports Britain and France
No territory won, but powers take notice of Sardinia
We’ll talk about this in more detail next class

10. A Secret Deal at Plombiérès
Cavour negotiates a secret deal with Napoleon III
Napoleon III promised to aid Sardinia if they ever faced war with Austria
In return, Sardinia agrees to give France Savoy and Nice
The next year, Cavour provoked that war…
Napoleon
III
Cavour

11. War with Austria
In 1859, Sardinia began to prepare for war, and in response, Austria declared war
Sardinian & French troops drove Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia
Italian patriots (nationalists) in other areas overthrew their Austrian rulers and asked to be annexed into Sardinia

12. Surprise!!
Napoleon III hadn’t expected the Italians to band together like this.
Fearing that Prussia would get involved, Napoleon III signs a treaty with Austria
According to this treaty, Sardinia gets to keep Lombardy, but the rest went back to Austria.

13. Giuseppe Garibaldi Soldier,Patriot, “Hero of the Two Worlds”
Born in Nice (1807)
Joined YOUNG ITALY
Devoted to Italian Freedom
1834 – Sentenced to death and fled to South America
Spent 14 years in exile (Brazil & Uruguay) learned art of guerrilla warfare.
Returned for 1848 Rev., When Rome fell… exile -- NYC SA.

14. Giuseppe & Anita Garibaldi
Statue located in Porto Alegre, Brazil

15. The “Red Shirts” HOWEVER… A volunteer army formed by Garibaldi
Fought for Italian Unity and Independence
In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi led his “Expedition of the Thousand”
Captured the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Continued north and captured Naples
Wanted to continue on to take Rome
HOWEVER…

16. Cavour stopped him Garibaldi was becoming very popular
Cavour feared that he would try to displace Victor Emmanuel as Italy’s leader
Cavour sent an army south to stop Garibaldi
Along the way, annexing most of the Papal States
Cavour’s army defeated the Red Shirts, and Garibaldi was pardoned.

17. An Important Meeting
Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II meet in Naples in the Fall of 1860
Garibaldi agrees to support the new Kingdom of Italy, with Victor Emmanuel II as King
He asked only to serve as governor (aka dictator) of Naples … The king refuses. He is afraid of Garibaldi’s popularity.

18. Unification
In 1860, nearly all (all but Rome and Venetia) of the Italian regions held plebiscites
They voted overwhelmingly to unify under the King of Sardinia
1866 – annexed Venetia through war with Austria
1870 – Rome voted to join the Kingdom of Italy

19. Problems
They’d been ruled for so long, few Italians had any experience with governing themselves
Tensions grew between the industrializing north and the agricultural south…
(Sound familiar???)
Standard of Living was low in most areas
Labor problems arose (Industrialization)

20. Attempts to build an Empire
1880’s – several military ventures in Africa (largely unsuccessful)
1911 – A brief war with the Ottoman Empire (Brought very little gain)
1912 – Conquers Libya (This strengthens Italy’s position in the Mediterranean)
1914 – WWI Begins