1. “Italian Unification”

2. I.) Nationalism in Italy
Congress of Vienna (post Napoleon) again divided Italy into multiple states
1. Austria rules city-states of
Lombardy & Venetia
2. Spanish Bourbon family rules
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
3. Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia is
largest & most powerful city-state

3. 1815 -1848 sense of Nationalism rises in Italy
Nationalism: devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation
1. Risorgimento = nationalist movement in Italy with goals
of liberation and unification
a. Carboni (coal burners)= nationalist secret society b. Giuseppe Mazzini = famous Carboni; creates the Young Italy Movement in Called the “heart” Goal: spread nationalist ideas 1. led rebellion in 1848 and 1849 (success in 1848 but loses gains in 1849)

4. II.) Sardinia Leads Unification
King Victor Emmanuel II: leader of Piedmont-Sardinia; adopts a liberal constitution in 1848
Camillo Benso di Cavour: nationalist prime minister; wanted to increase political influence for city-state
Called the “brain” of unification
Goals:
1. control N. Italy for Sardinia
a. War w/ Austria: France an ally
Outcome: Gain Lombardy
Austria keeps Venetia

5. Cavour turns south (Two Sicilies) by secretly supporting………..….
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi = Italian nationalist;
leader of “Red Shirt Army”
conquers Two Sicilies and Naples
Called the “sword” of unification
1860 Garibaldi & Emmanuel II meet in Naples & agree to join forces
Outcome: Kingdom of Italy created

6. III.) Unification
Plebiscites held throughout Italy vote for unification
Meeting in Turin (1861) Victor Emmanuel II confirmed as king
Italy gains Venetia in
war w/Austria
Rome’s citizens vote
for unification
Outcome: becomes capital
1871 Law of Papal Guarantees
-Reduced Papal Holdings to Vatican
-St. Peter’s and nearby buildings

7. IV.) Problems after Unification
Italy still faced political, social, & economic problems:
Illiterate population70% in 1870, 50% in 1900.
Camorra of Naples & Mafia in Sicily held power based on codes of honor, not brand new Italian govt.
Industry concentrated in triangle b/w Genoa, Turin, and Milan in the north
Created a divide between rich north and poor south
Pope didn’t recognize Italy