The Raw Materials of Biotechnology Chapter 2

2.1 Organisms and Their Components Organisms are “raw materials” of biotech Understanding of life and structures that compose organism High importance …at least Basic biochemistry…chemistry of living things Cytology…….cell biology Anatomy…….structure Physiology…..function

2.2 Structure of Cells Animal Cell Plant Cell

2.2 Structure of Cells Cells Different in different organs and organisms Depends on structure and function Greater or fewer numbers of some structures Ex: Muscle cell more ribosome and mitochondria B/c of increased protein and energy production

2.2 Structure of Cells Plasma membrane Composed of lipids and proteins Transport molecules Maintain cell shape Identify and recognize molecules Insulin binds to receptor protein which transports phosphate groups from ATP to other proteins within the cell Result is increase in glucose transport from outside (blood) to inside (muscle or fat cells)

2.2 Structure of Cells Nucleus Located in the middle Chromosomes contain DNA DNA holds instruction for protein synthesis within cell

Protein synthesis: “ Central Dogma” Genetic code of A, C, G,T are within DNA Cells that make protein transcribe (copy) segment (gene) of DNA into new version, mRNA (ribonucleic acid molec) mRNA transcript (A, C, G, U) and spells amino acids (a.a.) a.a. arranged into proteins mRNA moves from nucleus to cytoplasm at structure called ribosome Where mRNA code is translated into proteins

2.2 Cells Used in Biotechnology Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) Vero cells (African green monkey kidney epithelial cells ) HeLa cells (human epithelial cells) E. Coli

2.3 Molecules of Cells Engineered molec. are basis of many biotech products Small molec., CO 2, O 2, NaCl and H 2 O(75% of cell mass) Large molec. (macromolecules) Composed of repeating units (monomers) Monomers linked together to form polymers Poly = many

2.3 Molecules of Cells Macromecules: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids

Carbohydrates Compounds with carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in (1:2:1 ratio) Monosaccharides (simple crabs) Glucose Fructose Disaccharides Sucrose Lactose Polysaccharides (many glucose monomers) Cellulose Amylopectin Form of plant starch

Polysaccharides Energy storage molecules B/c long polymer structure Plant starch---amylose or amylopectin Animal starch---glycogen Structural molecules Cellulose—plant cell walls Chitin –fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons

Monosaccharides Single sugars “simple” 5 or 6 carbon sugars Glucose (6 C) Produced during photosynthesis Energy molecule (cells break bonds in glucose to release E)…cell respiration Stored as polymers Fructose (6 C) Galactose (6 C)…part of lactose molec, found in milk Deoxyribose (5 C)…found in DNA Ribose (5 C)…found in RNA Glucose Deoxyribose Ribose

Disaccharides Formed when enzymes form bond btw. 2 monosaccharide Sucrose…table sugar Plant store glucose in that form Formed when fructose and glucose combine Maltose…malt sugar Lactose…milk sugar One method mammals store E Formed when galactose and glucose combine

Lipids Made of C and H Insoluble in water (hydrophobic) 3 groups Triglycerides Include animal fats and plant oils E storage molec. Phospholipids Found in cell membranes Similar in structure to triglycerides except have phosphate group…so, water-soluble on one side 2 fatty acid chains attached to glycerol molec. Steroids Act as hormones, venoms, pigments Ex. cholesterol

Proteins Make >75% of cell mass 9 categories depending on function Typical cell produce 2000 Structure determined by a.a sequence

Proteins a.a. are the monomers of proteins Bind together to form polypeptides 20 different a.a.

Nucleic Acids Information-carrying molec. Direct synthesis of other cellular molec. Long, complex molec. Composed of 4 monomer units (nucleotides) Deoxyribonucleic acid DNA Ribonucleic acid RNA

Nucleic Acids DNA

2.4 The “New” Biotechnology Plant and animal cell manipulations Move pieces of DNA within and btw. Organisms Enzyme that cuts DNA into fragments Fragments separated and pasted in diff. orders…called recombinant DNA (rDNA) Insulin 1 st genetically engineered to get to market

2.4 The “New” Biotechnology rDNA

Homework 2 Due Tuesday 9/04/07 Page 42 Questions 2, 3, 4 Page 47 1, 2, 3, 4 Page 57 1, 3, 4 Page 61 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10

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