1. 2.3 Carbon Compounds The Chemistry of Carbon
What elements does carbon bond with to make up life’s macromolecules?
Carbon can bond with many elements, including
hydrogen,
oxygen,
phosphorus,
sulfur, and
nitrogen
to form the macromolecules of life.

2. Macromolecules The four major groups of macromolecules
found in living things are
carbohydrates,
lipids,
nucleic acids,
and proteins.
Most macromolecules are formed by a process
known as polymerization, in which large
compounds are built by joining smaller ones
together.
The smaller units, or monomers, join together to
form polymers. The monomers in a polymer may
be identical or different

3. Macromolecules
What are the functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules?
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. Plants, some animals, and other organisms also use carbohydrates for structural purposes.
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form important cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.

4. Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
Living things use carbohydrates as their main source of energy. The breakdown of sugars, such as glucose, supplies immediate energy for cell activities.
Many organisms store extra sugar as complex carbohydrates known as starches.

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Carbohydrates
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy.
Starch
Starches and sugars are examples of carbohydrates that are used by living things as a source of energy. Starches form when sugars join together in a long chain.
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6. Simple Sugars Monosaccharides include: Glucose, galactose, which is a
Single sugar molecules are also known as monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides include:
Glucose, galactose, which is a
component of milk, and fructose,
which is found in many fruits.
Ordinary table sugar, sucrose, is a disaccharide, a compound made by joining glucose and fructose together.

7. Complex Carbohydrates
The large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides are known as polysaccharides.
Many animals store sugar in a polysaccharide called glycogen.
The glycogen stored in your muscles supplies the energy for running and moving.

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Lipids
Lipids
Lipids are generally not soluble in water.
Lipids are made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms.
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Lipids
The common categories of lipids are:
fats
oils
waxes
steroids
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Lipids
What is the function of lipids?
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Lipids
Lipids can be used to store energy. Some lipids are important parts of biological membranes and waterproof coverings.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus.
Nucleic acids are polymers assembled from individual monomers known as nucleotides.
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information. The monomers that make up a nucleic acid are nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.
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Nucleic Acids
What is the function of nucleic acids?
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Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids store and transmit hereditary, or genetic, information.
There are two kinds of nucleic acids, ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
RNA contains the sugar ribose.
DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose.
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Proteins
Proteins
Proteins are macromolecules that contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Proteins are polymers of molecules called amino acids.
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Proteins
Amino acids are compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (-COOH) on the other end.
Amino acids are the monomers of proteins. All amino acids have an amino group at one end and a carboxyl group at the other end.
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Proteins
The portion of each amino acid that is different is a side chain called an R-group.
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Proteins
The instructions for arranging amino acids into many different proteins are stored in DNA.
Protein Molecule
Amino
Acids
Proteins help to carry out chemical reactions, transport small molecules in and out of cells, and fight diseases. Proteins are made up of chains of amino acids folded into complex structures.
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Proteins
What is the function of proteins?
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Proteins
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes.
Some proteins are used to form bones and muscles.
Other proteins transport substances into or out of cells or help to fight disease.
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22. 2.3 Homework:
1. Check Understanding pg. 41 # 1-7