The Industrial Revolution 1700-1900 Ch 25

Agricultural Revolution Period of dramatically improved farming methods in the 1700s Began in England Wealthy landowners bought out local farmers’ small plots of land + enclosed them to cultivate larger fields Experimented w/ more productive seeding + harvesting methods crop yields 2 important results: 1. New agricultural methods 2. Many small farmers forced to become tenant farmers or to give up farming + move to cities Jethro Tull was a scientific farmer who invented the seed drill Process of crop rotation improved Improvements in livestock breeding This all leads to a population

Industrial Revolution Industrialization - the process of developing machine production of goods Indust. Rev. - Refers to the greatly output of machine-made goods in the middle 1700s Began in England Why? 1. Large population of workers 2. Extensive natural resources - need things like: A. waterpower + coal – to fuel machines B. iron ore - construct machines, tools C. Rivers for transportation 3. Expanding economy 4. Highly developed banking system (loans) 5. Trade was growing quickly 6. Political stability Britain had all the Factors of Production – (resources needed to produce goods + services) Land, labor, + capital (wealth) + entrepreneurship

Textile Industry is 1st to be transformed Clothing industry Why? population - people need clothes Inventions are improved over + over Become too big + expensive to use at home of clothing factories need of cotton from USA Eli Whitney invents cotton gin (removes seeds from cotton –makes slavery extremely profitable)

Transportation Improvements Entrepreneur – person who organizes, manages, + takes on the risks of a business Steamboat (in USA) Canals – human made waterways Better transportation of goods + people Better roads

1821 – beginning of 1st railroad line Effects: Railroads 1821 – beginning of 1st railroad line Effects: 1. Spurred Indus. Rev b/c of a cheap way to transport materials + goods 2. Created MANY jobs 3. England’s agricultural + fishing industries (could now transport goods) 4. People travelled more End Section 1

25.2

Page 727 (know this!!!) Short Term Effects of Indus. Rev. By the 1800s, people could earn wages in factories than on farms Plentiful jobs of cities Unhealthy working conditions Water + air pollution child labor abuses Wealth for middle class Page 727 (know this!!!)

Urbanization Europeans leave farms to look for jobs + wages For the 1st time, more Europeans live in cities than in rural areas (urbanization is city-building + the movement of people to cities) Factories were built in clusters b/c entrepreneurs built them near sources of energy like water + coal Some cities became centers for a particular industry Manchester + Leeds – textiles Birmingham – iron smelting

Living Conditions in Cities B/c cities rapidly, there was no development plans, sanitary codes, or building codes No adequate housing, education, or police protection Many slums develop Illnesses spread rapidly Many wealthy merchants + factory owners move outside the city to suburbs + live in luxurious homes

Working Conditions To production, factory machines ran as many hours as possible Average worker worked 14 hrs a day, 6 days a week Factories were seldom clean or well lit Dangerous – no gov.’t aid for those injured Children as young as 6 worked in factories Little hands were good for fixing small parts of machines Workdays began 5-6am + ended 7-9pm many only had 1 break for lunch + MAYBE 1 for dinner Coal mines were the most dangerous Frequent accidents, damp conditions, + constantly breathing coal dust On average, life span shorter by 10 yrs

Class System Indus. Rev. created enormous amounts of new wealth Most belonged to factory owners, shippers, + merchants who were a part of the growing middle class (social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, business people, + wealthy farmers) Working class saw little improvement in their conditions In frustration, some would smash machines they thought were putting them out of work One such group was the luddites - they attacked whole factories in North England Mobs of workers would occasionally riot, mainly b/c of poor living + working conditions

1. Landowners + Aristocrats (looked down on merchants) 2. Factory owners, merchants, + bankers (wealthier than many aristocrats) 3. Gov.’t employees, doctors, lawyers, + managers of factories, mines, + shops 4. Factory overseers + skilled workers (like toolmakers + printers) 5. Laborers 6. No job, disabled, etc… Wealthy: Middle Class: Working Class: Poor:

Encouraged technological progress + invention + Effects of Indus. Rev. (Long Term) Created jobs + wealth Encouraged technological progress + invention Production of goods + standard of living Better housing + cheaper, mass-produced clothing Demand of educated professionals (ex. Engineers) Eventually, workers received wages, hours, + better working conditions after they formed unions Most people would eventually be able to afford goods that decades before would have been luxuries Profits produced tax revenues, which allowed gov.’ts to invest in developments to improve standard of living End Section 2

25.3

Spread of the Indus. Rev. The US Spreads 1st to the US + continental Europe Had conditions similar to England Like Britain, it started w/ textiles Britain wanted to keep its secrets of indus. + forbade engineers, mechanics, + toolmakers from leaving the country But one mill worker, Samuel Slater, went to US + built a spinning machine mostly from memory Factories opened in the northeast US + young, single girls from rural areas were eager for some indep. Cities had similar conditions + problems as in Britain

Railroads in the US RR were important - cities grew around them RR were big business to $ to build them, entrepreneurs sold shares of stock (certain rights + percentages of ownership) A corporation is a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not responsible for its debts

Continental Europe Slower to start there b/c of troubles left behind after Napoleon Started in Belgium after a British carpenter smuggled plans for building a spinning machine out of England Germany would import British technology + workers. They also sent children there to be educated They built RRs + became a military power Some countries were held back from indus. due to geography – poor transportation

Global Consequences of the Indus. Rev. Shifted world balance of power competition b/w rich + poor countries Widened the gap b/w rich + poor countries - but strengthened economic ties Rich countries needed poor countries’ raw materials + poor countries would buy rich countries’ finished goods Europe’s + USA’s economic power Africa + Asia’s economic power of middle class led to education + democratic participation Fueled movement for social reform End Section 3

25.4

Reforming the Industrial World: Gap between the rich + poor widens An economic system in which the factors of production are privately owned + $ is invested in business ventures to make a profit Laissez-faire – economic policy in which the gov.’t does not interfere w/ or regulate industries or businesses Some economic philosophers believed that gov.’t regulations (such as tariffs) only interfered w/ the production of wealth Believed in free trade Capitalism:

Adam Smith Economist Wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776) Defended laissez-faire Came up w/ 3 natural laws of economics 1. Law of Self-interest - people work for their own good 2. Law of Competition - competition forces people to make better products 3. Law of Supply + Demand - enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet the demand in a market economy

Know chart on p. 737 Socialism: An economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public + operate for the welfare of all Believe that the gov.’t should intervene in the economy Sought to offset the bad effects of industrialization (ex. poverty + poor working conditions) Gov.’t should control major industries (RRs, mines, factories, etc) Know chart on p. 737

[Reading from Communist Manifesto] Communism: Economic system in which all the means of production – all land, mines, factories, RRs, + businesses – are owned by the people, private property does not exist, + all goods/services are shared equally (RADICAL socialism) Idea originated w/ Karl Marx He + Friedrich Engels outlined their ideas in the Communist Manifesto [Reading from Communist Manifesto]

The Communist Manifesto Stated that throughout history, societies have always been divided into warring classes: Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat (haves, middle-class) (have-nots, poor) The Indus. Rev. widened the gap b/w the classes. He believed the Proletariat would rise up + overthrow the Bourgeoisie + work for economic equality for all. This would lead to the gov.’t dissolving + a classless society Believed communism would start in England Instead influenced USSR, China, Cuba

Reforms after the Indus. Rev. Workers become more politically active Unions Associations of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions + fair wages Speak for all the workers in a particular trade Have collective bargaining power (negotiations b/w workers + employers) If employers refuse their demands, union members might strike (refuse to work)

New laws protecting children + women Reforms: Reformers + union workers forced gov.’ts to look into abuses caused by industrialization New laws protecting children + women - women made $ in factories than at home, but only 1/3 of what men made Abolished slavery (Britain -1833 / US – 1865) Better public education Prison reform End Section 4