1. Industrialization Spreads
Section 3

2. Industrialization Spreads
Industrialization in the United States
By early 1800’s industrialization had spread to the US and continental Europe
US has same resources as Great Britain
Mineral wealth, immigrants and farm workers for labor
Had more open land than Great Britain
War of 1812 US could not trade with European countries because of British naval blockade, forced the US to use its own resources and develop industry
Began in the textile industry
1789 first textile factory opened in Pawtucket, RI
Center of textile production in early 1800’s was in Lowell, MA
Factories in Lowell provided work for women that moved from rural areas
Known as Lowell girls
Lived in a company owned town where they could be monitored
Provided economic opportunity and independence to women that had few other options open to them
Industrialization Spreads

4. Industrialization Spreads
The Northeastern part of the United States experienced most industrial growth in the first half of the 1800’s
US was primarily agricultural until after the Civil War in the 1860’s
Last part of the 1800’s the US experienced a technology and industrial boom
Causes
Wealth of natural resources
Inventions such as the electric light bulb, and telephone
American cities grew
Economic opportunity and immigration
Urban population consumed manufactured goods
Railroads played a major role
Cities grew along rail lines
Railroads allowed people to become extremely wealthy
Industrialization Spreads

5. Industrialization Spreads
Building large businesses required large sums of money to invest in industrial equipment
To raise money entrepreneurs sold stock in companies
Stockholders had ownership in the company
Business were called corporations
Late 1800’s huge corporations developed
They wanted to control every aspect of their industry to make big profits
They also reduced the cost of making goods and reduced wages for labor
Corporate leaders made huge fortunes
Industrialization Spreads

7. Industrialization Spreads
Continental Europe Industrializes
Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars in the late 1700’s and early 1800’s halted trade and communication in many parts of Europe
While this happened Britain industrialized and grew wealthy
Belgium was the first country to adopt new industrial technology
Country had rich deposits of iron and coal also had good waterways to transport goods
By 1800 many factories focused on building industrial machines like steam engines and locomotives
Industrialization Spreads

8. Industrialization Spreads
In the early 1800’sGermany was politically divided
This led to economic isolation and hurt widespread industrialization
Pockets of industrialization appeared in the Ruhr River Valley
They used British equipment and engineers
By 1850 railroads connected the major industrial centers and major coal and iron deposits
Germany’s economic strength allowed it to develop as a military power by the late 1800’s
Industrialization Spreads

10. Industrialization Spreads
The Impact of Industrialization
Widened the gap between wealthy and poor nations
Led to Imperialism (policy of extending rule over other countries) by industrial countries
Industrial countries needed raw materials from other parts of the world to supply factories policy of extending rule
Industrial countries needed markets for their products
Revolutions in industry, communication and agriculture changed lives of people in Western Europe and the United States
Changed every aspect of society from life expectancy, population, wealth, and health
Development of middle class led to greater opportunities for education and democratic participation
Industrialization Spreads

11. Reforming the Industrial World
Section 4

12. Reforming the Industrial World
Expanded democratic participation led to reform movements across society in the 1800’s
Reformers believed that the government should take a more active role to improve conditions of the poor and workers
Philosophers of Industrialization
Capitalism is an economic system where all factors of production are privately owned and where business is run for a profit
Many factory and business owners believed in a laissez- faire economics where the government did not interfere in business decisions
They thought that people should work for their own self interest
That there would always be a permanent underclass in society
Government interference would upset the free market system
Reforming the Industrial World

13. Reforming the Industrial World
Others thought that the wealthy and the government should take action to improve peoples lives
Utilitarians thought that laws and government should do the greatest good for the greatest number of people
Wanted government to do away with the differences in wealth and to promote education, legal and prison reform
Socialism was where all the factors of production are owned by the government and operate for the welfare of everybody
They thought that government control of the economy would promote economic equality, protect workers and social justice
Karl Marx thought that only a violent overthrow of the capitalists by the workers would bring about social and economic equality
His ideas inspired revolutions in China, Russia and Cuba in the 1900’s
Reforming the Industrial World

14. Reforming the Industrial World
Labor Unions and Reform Laws
Workers joined voluntary labor associations called unions
Unions spoke for all workers to increase pay and provide better working conditions
If factory owners refused their demands workers could strike
Skilled workers had the most bargaining power because they were hard to replace
Many in the government and industry saw the unions as a threat to social order and economic stability
Unions eventually led to workplace reforms by the middle of the 1800’s
These laws helped to prevent the hiring of young children, and limited the amount of hours worked in a day
Reforming the Industrial World

15. Reforming the Industrial World
The Reform Movement Spreads
Many began to question what was going on in the modern world, reform movements began to answer the challenges to these changes
Abolition of slavery
Many began to see slavery as morally wrong
Outlawed in Britain in 1833
Many saw slavery as an economic threat and supported cheap, free, low wage labor
Women’s Rights
factory work provided economic opportunity for women
Women earned less than men
Many women became college educated and began to demand equal rights , not rights based on gender
Education
Free public education became widely available by the late 1800’s
Used to train people how to work in an industrial world
Reforming the Industrial World