Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 1 Chapter Three: The Rhetorical Shaping of Gender: Women’s Movements in America gendered lives

“The truth is that none of us can be liberated if other groups are not.” ~ Gloria Steinem Copyright © 2004 Wadsworth

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 3 Rhetoric is Persuasion Persuade People to Change  Attitudes  Policies  Laws

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 4 Women’s Rhetorical Movement Ideologies Liberal Feminism  Women and Men Mostly Alike  Women and Men Should Have Equal Rights, Roles, Opportunities

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 5 Women’s Rhetorical Movement Ideologies Cultural Feminism  Women and Men Essentially Different  Women and Men Should Have Different Rights, Roles, Opportunities

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 6 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division 1776 “In the new code of laws, remember the ladies and do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands.” -Abigail Adams

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 7 Women’s Rights Movement First Wave Lucretia Mott at World Anti-Slavery Convention 1840 Seneca Falls Convention 1848 Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division Lucretia Mott

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 8 Seneca Falls Convention, 1848 PBS, Not for Ourselves Alone

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 9 Women’s Rights Movement First Wave Cult of Domesticity - Women More…  Moral  Nurturing  Concerned About Others  Committed to Harmony

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 10 Sojourner Truth 1851 “Ain’t I a Woman?” pointed out the ways in which white women’s situations and oppressions were different from those of black women. Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

1920 – Women Receive the Right to Vote PBS, Not for Ourselves Alone

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 12 Women’s Rights Movement The Women’s Movements remained dormant  Attention Focused on the Depression, WWII, and America’s World Dominance.  Women’s Place in Domestic Sphere had not been Disputed Successfully

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 13 Women’s Rights Movement Second Wave Radical Feminism Grew Out of New Left Politics  Sexism in Radical Organizations  Rap and Consciousness-Raising Groups Liberal Feminism Liberal Feminism is Embodied in NOW Liberal Feminism is Embodied in NOW

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 14 Liberal Feminism Persuasive Rhetoric Random House White middle-class wives resonated the message of the discontent they felt so guilty about that they remained silent.

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 15 Liberal Feminism is Embodied in NOW ( National Organization for Women) Since 1966 Now has contributed to: The 1963 Equal Pay Act The Civil Rights Act being amended to include sex discrimination Supporting federally financed child-care Documenting sexism in children’s books Stimulating reforms in credit and banking practices that disadvantage women Supporting Title IX which prevents discrimination in sports In 1971 forming the National Women’s Political Caucus to seek elective and appointed office Since 1966 Now has contributed to: The 1963 Equal Pay Act The Civil Rights Act being amended to include sex discrimination Supporting federally financed child-care Documenting sexism in children’s books Stimulating reforms in credit and banking practices that disadvantage women Supporting Title IX which prevents discrimination in sports In 1971 forming the National Women’s Political Caucus to seek elective and appointed office

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 16 Women’s Rights Movement Second Wave Separatism Lesbian Feminism Revalorism Ecofeminism Womanism Multiracial Feminism Power Feminism

Separatist Feminism Women are fundamentally different from men in the value they place on life, equality, harmony, nurturance, and peace. Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America

Lesbian Feminism Only women who do not orient their lives around men can be truly free. Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America

Revalorists Feminism Aimed to increase society’s appreciation of women and their contributions to society. Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America

Ecofeminism Highlights the connection between efforts to control and subordinate women and the quest to dominate nature - Mother Earth. Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America

Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 21 Womanism African American women, including author Alice Walker, define women from a viewpoint that embodies their racial and gender identities. Courtesy of The General Libraries, The University of Texas at Austin

Multiracial Feminism Movement that emphasizes multiple systems of domination that affect the lives of women and men. Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America

Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 23 Power Feminism Society doesn’t oppress women because women have the power to control what happens to them. Royce Carlton, Inc. --Naomi Wolf Fire with Fire, 1993

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 24 Women’s Rights Movement Third Wave Present Remaking Solidarity to Incorporate Differences Among Women Building Coalitions Integrating Theory Into Everyday Practices The Political is Personal Celebrating Girl Culture

Chapter Three: Women’s Movements in America Copyright © 2005 Wadsworth 25 gendered lives