Crusades

I. Cause A Threat of Seljuq Turks 1. Turks Conquer Jerusalem a. Take control of Christian shrines b. Christians & Jews no longer safe

2. Turks threaten Constantinople(Byzantine E.) a. Look Pope Urban II for help b. Pope hopes to unite East & West Rome

B. Pope’s call to war 1. Food shortage: Palestine had rich fields 2. Free of debt & taxes 3. God to forgive sins of fallen 4. Soldiers wear red cross

5. Deus vult! “It is the will of God” 6. Reasons a. Duty b. Nobles gain land & fame c. Peasants escape hard work

II Peasants’ Crusade A. March to Palestine 1. Attacked farmers, cottages, fields 2. Massacred Jews 3. Retaliation: poison wells, attack camps

4. 2/3rds make it to Constantinople Looting city Byzantine Emperor supplies & ships Asia Minor to fight Turks Killed by bowmen

III Nobles’ Crusade A. March to Palastine 1. Nobles bring everything a. Borrowed $ to pay for supplies 2. 30K men defeat Turks

B Crusaders captured Jerusalem 1. Massacred: Turks, Jews, Christians 2. Looted city

C. Outremer - “Kingdom Beyond the Sea” 1. 4 feudal kingdoms a. Takeover of Turk & Arab land b. Arab peasants advise & work land c. Muslims admire bravery

2. Changes a. New architecture & design 1) Round towers & walls 2) Marble walls, painted ceilings, silk hangings, carpets

b. Fashion 1) Men: turbans, loose flowing silk & linen 2) Women: jeweled tunics, gold thread, veils, makeup, perfume

c. Bathing d. Foods: rice, oranges, figs, melons

IV. Crusade of Kings A Saladin ruler of Egypt 1. Organizes Muslims a. Emirs - leaders of armies b. Soldiers 1) Short bows & Crossbows 2) Calvary

Saladin takes Jerusalem a. Refused to massacre Christians b. Won respect of crusaders

B. Church urges crusade 1. Emperor Frederick Barbarosa of Germany a. Died in Asia Minor b. Troops return home

2. King Richard I of England “the Lionheart” 3. King Philip II Augustus of France a. 3 yrs against Saladin w/ Richard b. Signed treaty w/ Saladin & returned home

C Pope Innocent III calls for crusade 1. Venice to replace Constantinople as trade center 2. Constantinople captured & looted 3. Conduct shocked w. Europeans 4. Ideal lost

V Children’s crusade A. Children sail from Marseilles B. Died or sold as slaves

VI. Effects A Muslims take back Acre (win) B. Church split permanent C. Byzantine Empire weakened

D. Feudalism breaks down 1. Kings become powerful while Lords away 2. Greed clouds religious ideals

E. Eastern influences 1. Learning interest renewed 2. Luxuries: spices, sugar, lemons, silk 3. New trade routes (towns develop) 4. Military: crossbow, gunpowder