“Gunpowder” Empires Why do you think these empires got this nickname? Where do you think these empires are located? What do you expect the culture of the empires to be?

The Ottoman Empire Today’s Goal  You will be able to… Describe the rise, characteristics, and decline of the Ottoman Empire.

The Anatolian Turks No central power “ghazis” or warriors for Islam Military societies led by emir, or chief commander Strict Islamic code of conduct Raided territories of “infidels”

Osman’s State a.k.a. Othman – most successful ghazi –Followers known as Ottomans Military  use of gunpowder –Replaced archers on horseback w/musket-carrying foot-soldiers Among the 1 st to use cannons as weapons of attack

Ottoman Conquest Osman’s son Orkhan I declared himself sultan (“overlord”, “one with power”) Ottomans acted kindly towards conquered people –Local officials appointed by sultan –Improved the lives of peasants Muslims required to serve in armies –Non-Muslims did not have to serve in army, but had to pay tax instead

Tamerlane Timur the Lame = rebellious warrior from Samarkand in C. Asia –Europeans called him Tamerlane Burned Baghdad & crushed Ottoman forces at Battle of Ankara (1402) This defeat halted Ottoman expansion

Summary Questions How was the Anatolian Turk society organized? Why was Osman’s military successful? How did the Ottomans treat the people they conquered? What was the significance of Tamerlane?

Siege of Constantinople Mehmed II (“the Conqueror”)  “Give me Constantinople!” Constantinople dominated Bosporous Strait –Having control of this waterway meant controlling trade & transportation between Ottoman territories

Siege of Constantinople 1453 – began firing cannons on city walls Turkish fleet dragged 70 ships over hill on greased runners Attacked Constantinople from two sides After 7 weeks, Turks found break in wall & entered city Mehmed II opened Constantinople to new citizens of many religions & backgrounds –Jews, Christians, Muslims, Turks, non-Turks helped rebuild city, now known as Istanbul

Ottomans & Islam Selim the Grim defeated Safavids of Persia Conquered holiest cities of Islam  Mecca & Medina Captured Cairo, the intellectual center of Muslim world

Suleyman Suleyman “the Magnificent” Great military leader –Dominated Mediterranean –Controlled trade routes Moved northward into Hungary & Austria –Threatened central Europe Most powerful monarch of the time

Suleyman the Lawgiver Created law code to handle both criminal and civil actions –Simplified system of taxation –Reduced gov’t bureaucracy Bettered the daily life of almost every citizen

Summary Questions What was the advantage to taking Constantinople? How was Mehmed II able to conquer Constantinople? What was the significance of Mehmed’s military conquests? Why was Suleyman given the name “lawgiver”? Specific reasons

Structured Social Organization Palace bureaucracy staffed by 20,000 personal slaves Policy of devshirme  army drafted boys from conquered Christian territories –Educated, converted to Islam, trained as soldiers Elite force of 30,000 soldiers known as janissaries were trained to be loyal to sultan only Christian families sometimes bribed officials to take their children

Structured Social Organization Suleyman required to follow Islamic law –Granted freedom of worship to other religious communities Treated communities as millets or nations –The heads of the millets reported back to sultan –Minimized conflict between various religions

Cultural Flowering Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography, astronomy, mathematics, architecture Employed Sinan, one of world’s finest architects, to build Mosque of Suleyman –Complex w/domes, includes four schools, library, bath, hospital Art & literature flourished Painters & poets used foreign influences to express Ottoman ideas

Decline of Ottomans Became customary for each new sultan to have his brothers strangled Kept sons as prisoners – cut off from education or contact w/world This produced line of weak sultans who led to decline

Summary Questions What were the advantages of the devshirme system for the sultan? What was the importance of Suleyman’s religious tolerance? Which cultural achievements of Suleyman’s reign were similar to the European Renaissance? What factors led to the decline of the Ottoman Empire?