1. Chapter 4: The Spread of Islam
Study Guide Review

2. Study Guide Review
What event signaled Muslim leaders’ ability to turn their attention elsewhere for possible conquests?
The unification of Arabia

3. Study Guide Review
Name the major factor that allowed Muslim armies to defeat both the Byzantine Empire and Persian forces.
The Byzantine Empire and Persians were weak from battling each other for years.

4. Study Guide Review
After Muhammad died, who was the next leader of Islam?
Abu Bakr

5. Study Guide Review
What was this person’s official title?
Caliph

6. Study Guide Review
After conquering new lands, what was done to include non-Islamic people into the empire? Given an example.
Treaties were made with with any non-Muslims there. These listed terms and rules that people – often Jews and Christians – had to follow.

7. Study Guide Review
Conflict with the Berbers in Northern Africa slowed Muslim expansion, but with their eventual conversion, a combined force invaded Spain in Southwest Europe.

8. Study Guide Review What did Muslims gain through trade?
New products, and technology; new knowledge and ideas; wealth; spread of their religion to other regions

9. Study Guide Review
What is religious tolerance, and how did the Muslims practice it? Explain why?
Religious tolerance is the acceptance of other religions. The Muslims practiced this by allowing conquered people to continue to practice their own religion. Judaism and Christianity kept many rights because they shared some beliefs with Muslims.

10. Study Guide Review Why was Baghdad’s location important?
It was near major land and water routes, which made the city an important trading center.

11. Study Guide Review How did Muslims in Cordoba influence Europe?
Cordoba was a great Muslim city whose university drew students from across Europe and enabled Europeans to study science and literature from the Muslim world.

12. Study Guide Review
What are janissaries, and what was their role in the Ottoman Empire?
Janissaries were Christian boys who became slave soldiers that also converted to Islam. They were fierce fighters.

13. Study Guide Review
Name two important Muslim holy cities that came under Ottoman rule?
Mecca and Medina

14. Study Guide Review Where did Mehmed II’s military might come from?
Janissaries and gunpowder weapons, like cannons

15. Study Guide Review
What was Suleyman I’s major accomplishment during his rule?
He led the Ottomans as they took control of the eastern Mediterranean and pushed farther into Europe.

16. Study Guide Review
How were government and society organized in the Ottoman Empire?
As ruler, the sultan made all major decision. Below the sultan, society was organized into two classes – a ruling class and all others. People who were not Muslim were organized into religious communities called millets with their own leaders and laws.

17. Study Guide Review
Describe the significance of the Ottoman conquest of Constantinople.
The city was a major trading center, and its location made expanding into Europe much easier.

18. Study Guide Review In what ways were the Ottomans tolerant?
The society included religious freedoms.

19. Study Guide Review In what ways wert the Ottomans not tolerant?
Women were kept out of public life.

20. Study Guide Review
Read Esma’ll’s words on page 90 in your text book, and describe his plan for the Safavid’s Empire.
He planned to converting all in the Safavid Empire to Shiism, by force if necessary.

21. Study Guide Review
The Safavid Empire’s economy was admired for their skills in making ceramics and metal goods.

22. Study Guide Review
The Mughal Empire had many cultural achievements. Among them were religious tolerance, a blended society among Persians and Indians, and monumental architecture – like the Taj Mahal

23. Study Guide Review
The Ottoman Empire was located in the areas around the Mediterranean Sea.
The Safavid Empire was located in Persia and Asia.
The Mughal Empire was located in India.

24. Study Guide Review Describe Sufism.
Sufism teaches that people can find God’s love by having a personal relationship with God.

25. Study Guide Review
Why did Muslim scientists and astronomers use the astrolabe?
They used the astrolabe to figure out their location, direction, and even the time of day. Although the Greeks invented the astrolabe, the Muslims greatly improved it.

26. Study Guide Review
Name one way geography influenced and improved the lives of Muslims?
Geography improve the Muslims ability to travel and to create maps. This helped with trade and provided a greater understanding of the world’s topography.

27. Study Guide Review Why was Islamic art unique?
Artists were not allowed to have humans or animals in their art because Muslims believe that only God can create life.

28. Study Guide Review
Name two forms of literature most often read by Muslims.
Short stories of adventures, and poetry

29. Study Guide Review
When did the Ottoman Empire finally come to an end and dissolve?
The early 1900s