2. ghazis Warriors for Islam. Under the leadership of an emir, chief commander. Followed strict Islamic code of conduct. Raided those who did not believe in Islam.

3. OSMAN: MOST SUCCESSFUL GHAZI. AKA OTHMAN. FOLLOWERS BECAME KNOWN AS “OTTOMANS”. Started on Anatolia Peninsula. Military success was based on gunpowder. First people to use canons as offensive weapons.

4. Orkan I: Osman’s son. Declared himself “SULTAN”, MEANING “OVERLORD” OR “ONE WITH POWER”. Captured Adrianople.

5. Injured by an arrow in the leg. Burned Baghdad to the ground. Crushed Ottoman forces halting the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. Moved on to China.....

6. Civil war broke out among the 4 sons of the Ottoman Emperor....

7. Started the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. AT THE AGE OF 21, HE DECIDED HE WANTED CONTROL OF THE BOSPORUS STRAIT..... “GIVE ME CONSTANTINOPLE!!” Used Cannons: 26-feet long, 1,200 lb boulders Huge Chain caused a HUGE PROBLEM... SOLUTION: Drag 70 ships over a hill on greased runners.... Constantinople was now being attacked by two sides...they lasted 7 weeks. This opened Constantinople to new citizens....

8. Mehmed’s Grandson Effective ruler & general. Defeated the Safavid’s at the Battle of Chaldrian.... Then captured Mecca, Medina & Cairo.

9. Ruled for 46 Years. Superb military leader. Conquered..... Belgrade, Rhodes, Tripoli, North Africa, Hungary & Austria. MOST POWERFUL MONARCH ON EARTH!!!!!

10. Created a law code to handle both criminal & civil actions. Simplified taxation & reduced government bureaucracy.

11. 20,000 slaves were part of devshirme system. Sultan’s army drafted boys from the peoples of conquered Christian territories, educated them, converted them to Islam & trained them as soldiers. Janissaries: elite force of 30,000 soldiers trained to be loyal to the sultan ONLY.

12. Suleyman the Lawgiver: Law code outlined penalties for various criminal acts. He tried to reduce bribes. He did not allow imprisonment without a trial. He rejected promotions that were not based on merit.