THE SIX KINGDOMS OF LIFE I. How are evolutionary relationships determined? Structural similarities Homologous structures? Breeding behavior Geographical distribution Chromosome comparisons Biochemistry DNA sequences, proteins

II. Phylogenetic Classification Phylogeny: The evolutionary history of a species Cladistics: Biological classification system based on phylogeny Cladogram: A model of the phylogeny of a species Similar to a pedigree

Cladogram

II. Phylogenetic Classification Fanlike Model: Unlike a cladogram, fanlike model communicates the time organisms became extinct or the relateive number of species in a group Also incorporates fossil information and information gained from anatomical, embryological, genetic, and cladistic studies Page 454-455 in textbook

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS A. Prokaryotes Unicellular Lack nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Heterotrophs Autotrophs Chemosynthetic Photosynthetic Archaebacteria, Eubacteria

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS A. Prokaryotes 1. Archaebacteria Have different ribosomal DNA compared to other prokaryotes Live in extreme, harsh environments 2. Eubacteria Include most bacterias and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic)

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS B. Protists protist: eukaryote that lacks complex organ systems and lives in moist environments Unicellular & multicellular Animal-like heterotrophs Plant-like autotrophs Fungus-like heterotrophs

Protists

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS C. Fungi: Earth’s Decomposers Fungus: unicellular/multicellular eukaryote that absorbs nutrients from organic material in environment (dead/decaying material)

Fungi

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS D. Plants: Multicellular Oxygen Producers Multicellular Photosynthetic Eukaryotic Contain chloroplasts and cell walls composed of cellulose 250,000 known species including mosses, ferns, and evergreens

Plants

III. THE SIX KINGDOMS OF ORGANISMS E. Animals: Multicellular Consumers Multicellular Heterotrophs No cell walls Cells  tissues  organs  organ systems Have organ systems such as: Nervous, circulatory, and muscular systems

Animals

How To Remember The 6 Kingdoms? AE/P/FPA A: Archaebacteria E: Eubacteria P: Protists F: Fungi P: Plants A: Animals Moneran Kingdom: = Archaea and Eubacteria