1. Essential Questions: Why do we need classification?
What is the 6 Kingdom System?
How do we classify living things?

2. Warm up…
What am I?

3. Why do we Classify?
Scientific Names are dependable and universally accepted!
Eliminates confusion when discussing the
Same organism!
Common Names: Scientific Name:
mountain lion, puma, Felis concolor
panther, cougar
One name please!

4. What is Taxonomy?
Taxonomy – grouping and naming organisms based upon their characteristics.
Essential study in biology to disclose evolutionary relationships and
group them in a logical manner.
Who’s more closely related?
Dogs to Cats or Dogs to Skunks?

5. Your Turn!

6. History of Classification
Aristotle – developed the first system of classification.
Carolus Linnaeus ( ) Based his classification upon the structural similarities of organisms.
A Natural System meaning organisms are grouped into as many groups and subgroups as their similarities and differences require.
Created Binomial Nomenclature, a 2-part scientific naming system.
Example: Homo sapiens
Used Latin. (Dead Language)
Goes along with Darwin’s ideas of common ancestry.
I loved Latin so much, I even changed my own name!

7. Your Turn!

8. Overview of Taxonomy
At the start, each group is very broad and includes many organisms.
At each level, two groups are further subdivided by more specific criteria.
Any group of organisms is called a taxon (plural, taxa).
At the very top is the domain.
Archea, Bacteria, Eukarya

9. Complete classsification

10. Your Turn!

11. Naming Organisms
The Two parts that make up the scientific name: Genus species
Hence Binomial Nomenclature!
Examples:
Homo sapiens –
Human
Bubo Virginianus –
Great Horned Owl

12. How are Evolutionary Relationships determined?
The following characteristics provide the clues about how species evolved and also reveal the probable evolutionary relationships of species!
Always suggest a COMMON ANCESTOR or COMMON ANCESTRY!
Structural Similarities
Many shared physical structures implies species are closely related and may have evolved from a common ancestor
An animal with retractable claws might be related to what group?
Breeding Behavior
Differences in mating behavior (calls, time of year, location)
Geographical Distribution
Darwin’s Finches
Divergent Evolution/Adaptive Radiation
Chromosome Comparisons
Chromosome number & structure

13. Your Turn!

14. What is the best way to determine evolutionary relationships?
Biochemistry – aka DNA!
Similar DNA sequences, similar proteins
DNA-DNA hybridization takes heated DNA from two species and determines how well they will match up.
DNA sequencing, Protein Clocks (gives time species diverged.)

15. Your Turn!

16. Phylogeny
Phylogeny – the evolutionary history of a species, not just physical similarities.
Often called Evolutionary Classification.
A system of classification on this basis is called phylogenetic.
One system based upon this is cladistics.
When groups of organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group, they retain some unique inherited characteristics called derived characters or traits.
Cladograms are like pedigrees. Branches that are closer to one another share a more recent ancestor than those farther away.

17. Your Turn!
What is the derived characteristic between Wolves and Leopards?

18. Six Kingdom System

19. The Six Kingdom System: Archaebacteria
Include prokaryotes without membrane bound nuclei
Microscopic
Unicellular
Cell Walls without peptidoglycan
Autotrophs or Heterotrophs
Chemosynthetic & Photosynthetic
Oldest fossils are 3.5 Billion years old
Live in extreme environments without Oxygen

20. The Six Kingdom System: Eubacteria
Are prokaryotes that have very strong cell walls
Microscopic
Unicellular
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs
Live in most habitats except extremes where archaebacteria live.
Some cause disease, most are harmless and/or helpful.
These 2 kingdoms are called monera and make up the most amount of biodiversity in the world.

21. The Six Kingdom System: Protista
Eukaryotic
Means “very first” meaning they were the first eukaryotes
Lacks complex organ systems
10,000 known species
Lives in moist environments
Oldest fossils are 2 billion years old
Unicellular & Multicellular
Can be plant-like autotrophs, animal-like heterotrophs, or fungus-like heterotrophs.
Very diverse kingdom, a hodgepodge of eukaroytic organisms that did not fit into the other eukaryotic kingdoms.

22. The Six Kingdom System: Fungi
Unicellular & Multicellular
Heterotrophs only!
Does not move place to place
Absorbs nutrients from organic materials in the environment
Oldest fossils are 400 million years old
100,000 known species

23. The Six Kingdom System: Plantae
Multicellular only!
Autotrophs, Photosynthetic
Eukaryotes
Do not move place to place
Contain Chloroplasts & Cell Walls made of Cellulose.
Oldest fossils are 400 million years old.
500,000 known species
Have organized tissues that make up organs and organ systems.

24. The Six Kingdom System: Animalia
Multicellular only!
Heterotrophs
Carnivores : meat only
Herbivores : plants only
Omnivores : meat and plants
Eukaryotes
Able to move place to place
Oldest fossils are 600 million years old.
1.5 Million known species (maybe 20x that number unknown)
100 species go extinct everyday
40,000 go extinct per year since 2000, the highest in 65 million years!
200 animal species are endangered in the USA.
1000 endangered worldwide.

25. How do we Classify Organisms?
We can create dichotomous keys – a set of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms.
We will make one of junk!

26. Your Turn!