The Decline of Feudalism
Henry II’s Legal Reform Legal reform was the central focus of Henry’s reign Henry strengthened the royal courts instead of the feudal lords Henry insisted that a jury try an individual of a serious crime Instead of trial by combat/ordeal now there was trial by jury/judges Yet, this new reform led to a power struggle between him and the church 1164 Henry issued the Constitutions of Clarendon A document that spells out the traditional rights of the king Also, states that a clergy member accused of a crime must be tried in a royal court instead of a church court This new document led to a fight with his friend, Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Cantebury In 1170 4 knights seeking the king’s favor, went out and killed Thomas Becket in front of the altar Thomas Becket’s tomb soon became a popular destination for pilgrimage
King John and the Magna Carta Henry’s youngest son, John, became King in 1199 John was not the same King as his father Lost most of England’s land that was in France Taxed barons too heavily Ignored the baron’s traditional rights Arrested opponents at will Fought with the church and collected large amounts of money from them
King John and the Magna Carta cont. June 1215 the barons forced a meeting with King John and forced him to sign the Magna Carta The Magna Carta stated that the king could still rule as long as he observed common law and the traditional rights of the barons and the church For example, the king must consult with the barons and the elite of the church before imposing a special tax Also agreed that “no free man” could be jailed except if through lawful judgement of his/her peers, or the law of the land This became known as habeas corpus the principle that accused persons cannot be held in jail without the consent of a court Habeas Corpus became the foundation for the rights and liberties of the English people…and later the American people in our own Constitution!
King Edward I and the Model Parliament 1295 King John’s grandson, Edward, included more people in the government King Edward created a Model parliament, a governing body, that included commoners and lower ranking clergy Commoners a person who is not of noble rank
The Impact of Political Developments in England These political changes weakened feudalism because it shifted the power from the nobles to the common people Henry II strengthened English common law and the role of judges & juries Edward gave a voice in the government to the common people through the Model Parliament The Magna Carta created a list of ideal rights and liberties that the king cannot violate These ideas would later come to influence and help develop modern democratic institutions
The Hundred Year’s War
Background Info This war fought between England and France was the second major event that weakened the feudal system England claimed that they had land in France as their own fiefs But the French king, King Phillip VI, disputed the claims and King Edward III did not agree with the French king SO…. WAAAAAAAR!!!!!
Early English Successes The Battle of Crecy of 1346 France A feudal army, composed of nobles and knights, that mounted horses There were some infantry foot soldiers Weapons= lances, swords, and crossbows Crossbows a medieval weapon made up of a bow that was fixed across a wooden stock England Composed of lightly armored knights, foot soldiers, and archers Archers had longbows a large bow used for firing feathered arrows Most of the soldiers were commoners who were paid to fight
Longbows vs. Crossbows Longbow vs. Crossbow Longbow could be fired more quickly Arrows flew faster and with more accuracy
The French Fight Back French began to slowly chip away at the land the English had won in the early years of the war In 1415, King Henry V (France) invaded England This time the French were a force to be reckoned with. But, why? Used more modern tactics Recruited commoners to the army Paid the common soldiers just like the English National identity and unity Joan of Arc
Joan of Arc 17 year old French girl that claimed she heard the voice of God, urging her to save France 1429, Joan of Arc led the French to victory over the Battle of Orleans Yet a year later she was captured by the English and put on trial She was put on trial under the accusation that she was a witch, or a heretic a person who holds beliefs that are contrary to the teachings of the church Joan was burnt at the stake for being a “witch” However, she brought a sense of pride to the French women and men 22 years after her death, the French finally drove the English out of France!
Joan of Arc cont.
The Impact of the War Feudalism was already in decline because of the shift from feudal lords monarchs and common people Monarchs called for taxes to fund the war, which told the lords they no longer needed their money Castles were no longer an effective means of protection Crossbows could easily take out a mounted knight Additionally, the discovery of gunpowder means they could shoot iron cannon balls through castle walls New national pride shifted the focus away from lords Commoners, since they were fighting and paying the taxes, emerged from the war with greater influence and power