VERB

WHAT IS VERB? Expresses the action taken by the subject of the sentence The taxi is going to Kuantan Kamal often asks questions. Some verb describe situation: Ravindran likes video games We know that drugs are dangerous. Divided into 2 main clauses; lexical verbs & auxiliary verbs

1. Most verbs describe actions 2. Some describe situations

LEXICAL VERBS Action verbs Action vs State Represent both physical and mental activities (eat, run, hit, hate, think, jump) Action vs State Action: is something happening (buy, eat, run, etc) State: something that stays the same – having an opinion and thinking (include, contain, need, understand, etc) Jane went to bed. / Jane was tired I’m buying a new briefcase. / I need a new briefcase.

Action verbs can be written in several forms eat ate to eat will have eaten eats was eating may eat must have eaten am eating were eating should eat should have eaten is eating has eaten can eat had been eating are eating have eaten must eat had eaten shall eat will eat

LEXICAL VERBS Linking verbs Introduces fact about a person/thing Used to link the subject with the complement (adj / noun) A linking verb is followed by a complement rather than an object. The walls are green

TRANSITIVE VERB A verb that has an object is a transitive verb A transitive verbs (V) requires and object (O), and the object comes after verb Jasmine often buys food for her family. The player blamed the shoes for his defeat.

TRANSITIVE VERB The obj. tells us who or what the action happens to A transitive verbs must have an object or it will be incomplete sentence. Jasmine often buys food for her family.

TRANSITIVE VERB Some transitive verbs can have two objects – direct object and indirect object (IO usually comes before the DO) Direct object – the thing you give or do for someone Indirect object – person who receives the thing Mum usually reads the children a story at bedtime. Shall I get you a cup of coffee?

INTRANSITIVE VERB A verb that has no direct object or complement We went for a long walk. Don’t come in – I haven’t dressed yet, Does not require an object The beautiful actress smiled. He laughed.

TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS Many verbs can be used transitively and intransitively. TRANSITIVE INTRANSITIVE Which pilot is flying this jet? We lost the match. Mum’s dressing the baby. The eagle is flying in circles overhead. We lost 4-5 Dad’s dressing in the bedroom.

AUXILIARY VERBS Also called helping verb (to express continuous and completed action) be and have do + not to form negative statement I do not tell lies Verbs use do to perform question Does your dad play golf?

AUXILIARY VERBS Verb be is used with the –ing form (called present participle) of an ordinary verb to express continuous action My friend were looking for accommodation. Verb have is used with –ed form (called past participle) to express completed action Somebody has moved the remote control.

GRAMMAR HELP Notice that the verbs be, have and do can be lexical verbs as well as auxiliary verbs. LEXICAL AUXILIARY I was late. Aisya has dark brown eyes and black hair. I did Exercise 2. I was waiting for the bus. Aisya has completed the task. I did not finish Exercise 3.

Be verbs am is are was were been being

Be verbs It is the most irregular verb in the English language. It is normally a linking verb showing existence of the condition of the subject. It can also be used as an auxiliary verb when forming the passive voice.

Present Form of Be verbs to show the status or characteristics of something or someone, locate a situation or event in present time. Example : 1) I am a pretty girl. 2) Oh gosh, he is cute. 3) We are UMP students.

Present Form of Be verbs Negative statement - form by adding “not” Example: 1) They are not my friends. 2) He is not an orphan. 3) She is not here.

Past Form of Be verbs Negative statement - form by adding “not” Example: 1) They were not UMP students. 2) He was not famous in Malaysia. 3) She was not here.

Continuous Forms of Be verbs it describes actions that are or were still continuing - auxiliary verb be [+ ing form of the main verb]. For example ( Present Form ) : 1) I am learning English. 2) He is running in the field. 3) She is dancing on the stage.

For example ( Past Form ) : 1) I was learning English when she called me . 2) It was raining when we went to school. 3) She was dancing on the stage, the spot light suddenly went off.

Negative Form: 1) It was not raining when we went to school. 2) You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. 3) Sammy was not waiting for us when we got off the bus.

Passive Constructions of Be verbs Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) For Example:

Simple Question using Be verbs Create simple question by using verbs to be. Example: 1) Is your brother taller than you? 2) Am I bothering you? 3) Were they embarrassed by the comedian?

Overall

MODAL VERBS Also called modal auxiliary verbs Shall, will, would, can, could, should, may, might, must Function: is to add to the ordinary lexical verb a feeling of the action.

MODAL VERBS I shall contact you tomorrow. (planned) You will like my cousin. (certain) Dad may phone. (possible) Dad must be delayed at the office. (likely) You may start writing now. (allowed) You must stop writing now. (compulsory) You should keep a list of incoming calls. (advisable)

CHARATERISTICS OF MODAL VERBS Combine with the base form of lexical verbs Sally may call later. Modal verbs do not add –s for the 3rd person singular The baby can walk now. Modal verb always keep the same form. However, some modal verbs use another modal verb as a past tense. Can / could may / might I can swim quite well now, but last year I couldn’t swim at all.

LIMITATION OF MODAL VERBS They cannot combine with auxiliary verb or with other modals. The baby will can walk soon. They don’t form to-infinitives. I want to can see my children. You can ‘bypass’ the limitation by replacing modal verbs with other verbs or ‘modal combination’. The baby will be able to walk soon I want to be able to see my children.

CAPABILITIES OF MODAL VERBS Can for questions and negative sentences: Can you hear the cuckoo? You must not take the criticism personally. Modal verbs are use a lot in question tag: You shouldn’t tell lies, should you? You can text me later, can’t you? Modal verbs have contracted forms and most have –ve contractions. Can / Cannot / Can’t Could / Could not / Couldn’t