2. English grammar

3. Present Simple We add s/es in the 3rd person singular (he/she/it). She lives in the forest Verbs ending in a consonant + y: the y turns i and we add –es. Study – studies Verbs ending in ss/sh/o/ch: we add –es. Watch – watches

4. Present Continuous We use this verb tense to talk about what is happening now. We form it with the present Simple of be (am, is, are) + main verb ending in –ing. Verbs ending in –e: Write – writing Verbs ending in short vowel + consonant: Travel – travelling / swim – swimming

5. Exercises 1. Read the text: Finally, the love! Helen is doing her Maths work. But why is she doing it? It’s just to deliver in a month. She is with her friend, John. He is helping her to do her work. I think he is in love with her? Is he in love with her? That’s incredible. Finally, she will have a boy friend.

6. 2. Are these sentences true or false? 2.1 Helen isn’t doing her Maths work. 2.2 Her friend’s name is John. 2.3 John is playing with Helen. TrueFalse True False True False

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13. Past Simple We use the Past Simple: When we talk about something that happened in the past. In Past Simple: Regular verbs always end in ed. Irregulars verbs have different endings

14. Exercises 1. Read the text. “In July, Mariana went on holiday to England. She loves English and so it was a great opportunity for her to practise speaking with her British friends. They live in Wiltshire. That’s where you will find Stonehenge. They had a great time. She spent three weeks in Salisbury. It’s a beautiful place!”

15. 2. Answer the questions about the text 1. Where did Mariana go on Holiday? 2. Who did Mariana stay with? 3. Where is Stonehenge? Answer

16. She went to England Back

17. She stays with her British friends Back

18. It’s in Wiltshire

19. Future – be going to We use be going to when: We make a decision to do something in the future (when we plan something). I’m going to write new songs. We make predictions that something will happen in the future. Kelly Slater is going to win the surfing championship this year.

20. Exercises 1. Read the text “Jack Johnson is a Hawaiian singer and songwriter. He was a professional surfer until he had an accident…While he was recovering in bed, he spent his time writing songs and playing the guitar…”

21. 2. Find, in the text, the word which has the same meaning : 1. Someone who writes and sings his own songs. 2. Someone who does something as a job. 3. Getting better from an illness or accident championgenius Song writer recoveringprofessionalgenius championsingerrecovering

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31. 3. Complete the sentences with the verbs in the future. 1. I think we ____ ____ (go) at England next year. 2. They ____ _____ (like) that surprise. 3. We ____ _______ (cook) a chocolate cake.

32. Conditional (Type II) Conditional Type II We use the conditional type II when we talk about something which: Is not possible at the present If I had more money, I would go to the gym. Is not likely in the future If I won I would be rich. When you start the sentence with the main clause you don’t put a comma to separate from the conditional clause. I would be rich if I had more money.

33. Exercises Match the expressions to make sentences in the conditional type II 1. If I had one euro, 2. I would be rich, 3. If you didn’t eat so much,

34. I would buy an ice-cream Back

35. If I had one euro for every coke I drink. Back

36. You wouldn’t be overweight

37. Present Perfect Simple We use the Present Perfect when:  An action or situation started in the past and continues in the present. I have lived in Portugal since 1998.  An action performed during a period that has not yet finished. Madonna has been to the doctor twice this week.  A repeated action between the past and now. She has visited Portugal several times.  When we ask how long…? How long has Madonna lived in New York?

38. We answer using for or since: When we say a period of time, we sue for: Madonna has lived in New York for many years. When we say the start of a period, we use since: Madonna has lived in New York since 1981.

39. Exercises 1. Fill in the blanks with Present Perfect. 1. _____ you _______ (eat) vegetarian food? 2. _____ they _______ (do) shopping? 3. I ____ ____ (be) in Manuel Figueiredo school. Answer

40. Have….eaten…

41. Have…done…

42. …have been…

43. 2. Fill in the blanks with Present perfect and for or since. 1. She has had anorexia ____ two years. 2. He has lived in Portugal ____1994. 3. I’ve done my portfolio _____ many hours. forsince for since

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50. Adjectives ending in –ing and – ed. The –ing adjective describes what something does to you: My friend is boring. She never stops talking. The –ed adjective tells you how somebody fells: Susan is feeling depressed. She’s always crying.

51. Exercises Complete the sentences: 1. I’m so ______ (excite) 2. That’s so _______ (bore) 3. School is ______ (depress) for me. Answer

52. excited

53. boring

54. depressing

55. Passive Voice We use the passive voice: When the subject isn’t the person/thing doing the action. Pop singers are used as models by magazines. When we’re interested in the action, not the person or people who did it. Fashion magazines are bought by young people. When we don’t know did the action The team’s uniform is changed every year.

56.  When we want to say who or what did the action, we use by. Teenagers are influenced by magazines. Fashion magazines are sold all around the world.

57. Exercises 1. Turn into Passive Voice 1. Top models influence girls’ eating habits. 2. I do my English work. Answer

58. Girls’ eating habits are influenced by top models Back

59. My English work is done by me.

60. 2. Turn into Active Voice 1. Photos of fat people aren’t published by magazines. 2. Are fashion magazines bought by teens? Answer

61. Magazines don’t publish phtos of fat people

62. Do teens buy fashion magazines?

63. Order of adjectives We order of adjectives according to their meaning: 1. Adjectives that give us an opinion: Beautiful/ nice/ interesting/ cool/… 2. Adjectives of size: Long/big/small/tiny/short/… 3. When we say the colour: I bought a beautiful long black T-shirt. 4. Adjectives of material: Plastic/wool/cotton/silver/…

64. Exercises Say whether these statements are right or wrong 1. A beautiful red big car 2. A cool long blue woollen jacket. 3. A long beautiful woollen jacket blue Right Wrong RightWrong Right Wrong

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