Starting, finishing, and styling
Must grab audience attention Quotation Story Rhetorical Shock Humor
What is the purpose of the speech Let audience know why you are giving the speech What is the topic of the speech Let audience know what you will be talking about Don’t be vague Preview main points Part of repetition
Motivate audience to accept your goals Audience must believe topic is relevant, and you are qualified to deliver it Make topic relevant Why does your audience care? If they don’t, show them why they should Establish credibility Simply and quickly establish your qualifications Good guidelines on page 222
Indicate speech is ending Must let audience know you are wrapping up without saying “in conclusion” (book disagrees with me on this) Provide closure Don’t leave any holes or questions unanswered Restate main points, topic, and purpose Helps with retention Challenge audience to respond/take action
Similar to intro Quotations Storytelling Rhetoricals Must grab and hold attention of audience Conclusion guidelines on page 228
Write for the ear Repetition, pacing, cadence, projection Simplicity Conciseness Use contractions Phrases and fragments May be grammatically wrong, but effective nonetheless Repetition and transitions Personal pronouns
Must find language that provides for shared meaning Be culturally sensitive and use unbiased language No stereotypes, sexist, racist, ageist language Use concrete rather than abstract words Concrete = Sixty six years old Abstract = old Use vivid imagery Appeal to the audience’s senses
Language that is appropriate for audience and setting Time, place, audience demographics Use accurately If you don’t know a word or phrase, look it up. If you are at all concerned, look it up anyway Words that convey confidence and conviction Active not passive voice I language… don’t equivocate
Repetition Provides rhythm, pacing, and allows for reinforcement Alliteration Poetic quality Parallelism Use similar structure to create consistency, increase understanding, and increase retention