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I. Geography A. Subcontinent contains India and Pakistan B. Main rivers are Indus and Ganges C. Monsoons A. Subcontinent contains India and Pakistan B. Main rivers are Indus and Ganges C. Monsoons

II. Challenges A. Floods - unpredictable B. Unpredictable monsoons C. Rivers change course

III. Indus Valley Cities A.Emerged 2500 BCE B. WORLD’S FIRST PLANNED CITIES! 1. used bricks 2. well planned in grid-like pattern 3. Indoor plumbing, wells, drains, sewers, latrines 4. Kept cities clean 5. Two and three story houses C. City Harappa D. City Mohenjo-Daro (1500 BCE people died mysteriously) A.Emerged 2500 BCE B. WORLD’S FIRST PLANNED CITIES! 1. used bricks 2. well planned in grid-like pattern 3. Indoor plumbing, wells, drains, sewers, latrines 4. Kept cities clean 5. Two and three story houses C. City Harappa D. City Mohenjo-Daro (1500 BCE people died mysteriously)

Mohenjo - Daro

Artifacts from Mohenjo-daro

Harappa

Harappa Artifacts

Harappan Sewer

IV. Indus Valley Culture A.System of writing – pictograms not deciphered B.Stamps and seals C.Social classes = little distinction D.Prosperous; Toys for children indicate prosperous society E.Little conflict; Few weapons of warfare = fairly peaceful

F. Rulers have ties to religion 1. Polytheistic; may have worshipped goddesses 2. no temples for public worship found G. Traded 1. first traces of cotton – 2. Traded cotton cloth for gold/silver semiprecious stones

V. End of Harappan Culture A. Unsure of cause of decline 1. Floods (?) 2. Earthquake (?) 3. invasions (?)

I. The Mauryan Empire (Ch. 7.1) A BCE B. Many small kingdoms & caste system C. Chandragupta Maurya - founded empire 1. Became ruler - unified India a. Strong army & spy network b. Bureaucratic w/ provinces c. Advisor - Kautilya – D. Economy 1. roads = promoted trade 2. high taxes

E.Important Cultural developments 1. postal system 2. free hospitals 3. built roads F. Religion 1. Hinduism

II. Asoka BCE A. Chandragupta Maurya’s grandson continued Mauryan dynasty 1. expanded empire with fierce wars a. Horrified when he saw battlefield b. Turned to Buddhism - RENOUNCED WAR & became peaceful ruler c. extensive roads with way stations to encourage trade 2. Wrote laws - based on Buddhism = Rock Edicts 3. Tolerated Hinduism and caste system continued B. Weak successors - returned to warring kingdoms

III. The Gupta Empire (CE 300 – 535) A. Chandra Gupta I & II 1. Empire Ruled 200 years 2. Patriarchal 3. strong central government a. spies & assassins B. India’s Golden Age 1. fewer taxes 2. trade 3. writing/plays 4. Algebra, concept of infinity & zero, symbols 1-9

C. Hinduism = state religion 1. Great Temples 2. Caste system D. 535 CE - broke up into small states years would pass before empire united again

IV. Southern India A. Not part of Gupta Empire B. 3 warring kingdoms C. Tamil people 1. matriarchal 2. Tamil language

V. Early Indian Achievements A. Astronomy - sailing B. Earth round C. Math - zero, decimal system, pi D. Length of solar year as days E. medical guides 1. surgery, incl. plastic!

VI. Trade A.Silk road 1. caravan routes 2. silk from China to Western Asia and then to Rome 3. Indians became middlemen and est trading stations along the road A.Silk road 1. caravan routes 2. silk from China to Western Asia and then to Rome 3. Indians became middlemen and est trading stations along the road

B. Sea Trade with 1. Romans 2. China 3. Africa C. Spread religion & culture D. Banking