Communication  Process of creating meaning though symbolic interaction  Process of sending/receiving messages Verbal Nonverbal Characteristics of Communication Cannot not communicate Irreversible Learned Process/Continuous One thing depends on other-Previous knowledge Not individual act Symbolic-symbols & rules make communication possible Arbitrarily assigned

Interactive process where people exchange & interpret messages with one another 1. Source or sender 2. Encoding-thoughts  messages  Language, sentences, structure thoughts, ideas… 3. Message-content being communicated 4. Channel-medium of message  Phone, television, air, computer

5. Receiver-recipient / target or intended audience  processes messages through their frame of reference  interpretation influenced by the receiver’s frame of reference 6. Decoding-interpretation (message-  thoughts) 7. Feedback- response

Note* The following 2 can occur at any point during the communication process. Noise-interference or interruptions  Internal  External Context- purpose, time and place, social, political and economic atmosphere, physical setting, etc.

Communication Model

Communication as Transaction Communication also happens simultaneously. Sender also receives message. Receiver also sends message.

Communication is often described according to the number of people involved 1-Dyadic Communication 2-Small Group Communication 3-Mass Communication  between speaker & large audience of unknown people  receivers not present  mediated  lacks instant feedback/interaction 4-Public Speaking  speaker delivers message with specific purpose  audience present  opportunity for feedback

Formal Allows for instant feedback Planned and prepared Audience centered Cultural sensitivity important in PS Context important in PS environment/situation in which speech occurs

 General Speech Purpose -3 reasons we give speeches  To Inform-teach, increase understanding, raise awareness, enlighten  People, objects, events, issues, processes, concepts  To Persuade-to convince, to argue for or against something, to bring about change  Change opinions, thoughts, behaviors, actions  Special Occasion-introductory, acceptance, toasts, roasts, eulogies, cultural artifact

1-Determine the Speech Purpose (inform, persuade?) 2-Select a Topic-brainstorm 3-Analyze the Audience-can do before topic selection 4-Develop Main Points-brainstorm 5-Conduct Research and Develop Supporting Points 6-Organize and Outline 7-Practice 8-Deliver Speech

Persuasion-process of influencing ones attitudes, beliefs, values, behaviors-while increasing understanding Characteristics of Persuasion Not Coercive although you need to take a stance Topics always have 2 alternative viewpoints Subjective/Often one sided Incremental-persuasion is a process-happens over time Interactive Key is change Can be ethical

Argument-Any text whether written, spoken, or visual- that expresses point of view Persuasive speeches use arguments to present one alternative as superior to others. Consists of making a claim (proposition) and backing up with evidence Language and images can serve as arguments designed to influence audience.