1. Effective Public Speaking Chapter # 3 Setting the Scene for Community in a Diverse Culture

2. Basic Elements of the Speechmaking Process Speechmaking is comprised of a number of elements. A speaker the primary communicator, gives a speech, which is continuous, purposeful message, to the listeners, who provide feedback to the speaker. Their exchange occurs through various channels.

3. Speaker Self-image Image of others Message channel Receiver self-image Image of others Feedback channel Situation A MODEL OF THE SPEECHMAKING PROCESS

4. A speaker must consider four key elements The speaker’s Purpose The speaker’s Knowledge (Subject and Communication Skills) The speaker’s Attitude (Toward self, listeners and subject) The speaker’s Credibility THE SPEAKER

5. THE MESSAGE Your message often are referred to as your ideas or the information. Important aspects of message in public speaking are : Content (Information or Arguments) Organizing (Structuring/Arranging) Style ( The way you deliver)

6. Listener and speaker are partners of speech transactions, listener’s way of thinking is affected by : The Listener’s Purpose (information, confirmation, entertainment) The Listener’s Knowledge & Interest Level The Listener’s Command of Listening Skills The Listener’s Attitude (Toward self, speakers and subject) THE LISTENERS

7. Feedback And Its Types Feedback is information that listeners return to you about the clarity and acceptability of your ideas. Listeners may provide immediate feedback in the form of verbal or non-verbal responses during an interaction. The listeners questions are called direct feedback. Whereas nonverbal cues observed by speaker is known as indirect feedback.

8. The public communication transaction occurs through multiple channels. They are : The Verbal Channel (words) The Visual Channel (gestures, facial expressions, bodily movement, postures) The Pictorial Channel ( visual aids such as diagrams, charts, graphs and objects) Channels

9. What you say and how you say it are affected significantly by the situations in which you are speaking. For instance you don’t talk the same way at the work as you do at a party. your speech is affected by the physical setting and the social context in which it occurs. Physical setting Social context The Situation

10. Physical setting influences listeners’ expectations to respond to your speech. For example : People waiting at the convocation center for a graduation ceremony to begin have very different expectations as compared to the people who are waiting for political speech. Physical Setting

11. In a social context, people are distinguished from each other by factors such as gender, age, occupation, power and knowledge. Taken together, these factors shape your communication with others and conversely their communication with you. For example Student & teacher. Social Context

12. Each society has its own rules for interpreting communication signals. If you are going to speak in another country, you will have to learn the communication rules governing how to introduce a person to an audience ? Rules for communication situations tend to vary from country to country. The Cultural Context

13. Especially in a public speaking class, communicators focus their attention on speaking. Yet the public speaking process is not complete without listeners. Hearing is simply the act of perceiving sound by the ear. Listening, however is something you consciously choose to do. Listening requires concentration so that your brain processes meaning from words and sentences. Listening leads to learning. Critical Listening : Theory and Practice

14. In listening there are many ways to categorize appropriate and inappropriate behaviors. Styles of listening: People may vary between and among these various approaches to listening. RRP Reasons Results Processes VATVisual Auditory Tactile SURSelf-Absorbed Unfocused Rules Driven Knowing Purposes: An Orientation to Listening Behavior

15. The audience are in interested in : The Reason-oriented listeners want to know, why your ideas are good? The Result-oriented listeners want to know, what you are going to do? The Process-oriented listeners want to know, how you will do it? Try to get feedback from the audience and react according to that feedback. THE RRP LISTENING STYLES

16. THE VAT LISTENING STYLES Visual listeners need something to see, Visual Aids play a good role in getting the listeners interests for listening to you. Their response will be “ I can see what you mean” Auditory listeners are interested in what you say rather than what you show. Their response will be “ I hear what you are saying”. Tactile listeners want to become involved in some way ; they only not want to listen or see but to do something practical by your message.

17. Self-absorbed listeners are more interested in themselves and their view of the world than they are in you and in your views. Unfocused listeners attend without regard to any plan or pattern, and without what they are looking for, their attention soon wanders off, perhaps never to return. The rules-driven listeners are quite capable of listening & following rules and well mannered behavior. THE SUR LISTENING STYLES

18. Why are you Listening? Discriminative listening Requires to draw conclusions from how a message is presented rather than directly from what is said. People seek to understand what the speaker really thinks/feel. Comprehension listening Listeners want to understand/gain additional information, ideas from the speaker.

19. Critical listening is listening in order to evaluate and judge, forming opinion about what is being said. Judgment includes assessing strengths and weaknesses, agreement and approval. Appreciative listening In appreciative listening, listener seek certain information which will appreciate. We use appreciative listening when we are listening to good music, poetry or maybe even the inspiring words of a great leader. Critical listening

20. It provides emotional support for the speaker. For example : A classmate reviews a personal problem & thanks friends for their help in solving it Therapeutic listening

21. Practice criticizing the speeches of other students. Take part post speech discussions, and ask questions. Listen critically to discussions, lectures, and student teacher interactions in your other classes. Listen critically to speakers outside class, attend public lectures, political or religious rallies. Special Needs for Critical Listening in the Classroom