Africa in the Early 1800s When imperialists arrived in Africa, they met many different peoples who spoke hundreds of languages and had many different forms of government. Muslims had conquered or influenced much of North, East, and West Africa, but the Ottoman empire was in decline. In southern Africa the Zulus had expanded their control, but they in turn came to be dominated by the technology of the Boers. European Contact Increases African resistance, difficult terrain, and diseases kept Europeans from much of the interior regions of the continent in the early stages of imperialism. Explorers finally pushed into the interior, followed soon after by missionaries. Dr. David Livingstone was both an explorer and missionary who wrote about Africa’s people and opposed the slave trade. 1 of 8 The New Imperialism Section 2: The Partition of Africa

3 of 8 The New Imperialism Section 2: The Partition of Africa A Scramble for Colonies King Leopold II arranged trade treaties with African leaders and soon monopolized the Congo. This started the scramble for colonies by other European nations. An agreement about the process of colonizing Africa was reached at the Berlin Conference in Africans Resist Imperialism The colonizers often met with armed resistance. Ethiopia managed to resist European colonization altogether. In this Age of Imperialism, some Western-educated Africans developed an elite status, while others formed nationalist movements to pursue independence.

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Stresses in Muslim Regions The three great Muslim empires of the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals were in decline by the 1700s. They were challenged by Muslim Reform movements as well as European imperialism. 1 of 7 The New Imperialism Section 3: European Claims in Muslim Regions Witness History Audio: The Egyptian Campaign Note Taking Transparency 162 Color Transparency 146: The Berlin-to-Baghdad Railway 1913 Problems for the Ottoman Empire The Ottoman empire faced many challenges from nationalists who wanted to create independent states to European colonizers who seized Ottoman territory. Despite Ottoman rulers’ efforts to reform, the rise of the Young Turks in 1890 and the Start of World War I would spell disaster. History Interactive: Ottoman Empire, 1913

Egypt Seeks to Modernize The Ottomans appointed Muhammad Ali governor of Egypt and he instituted a number of political and economic reforms that led to Egypt’s becoming a Middle Eastern power. After Ali’s death, Egypt borrowed money from European countries to build the Suez Canal. Britain later made Egypt a protectorate in order to protect Britain’s interests in the canal. Persia and the European Powers Both Britain and Russia set up spheres of influence in Persia. The discovery of oil made them even more intent on control. Different groups of Persian nationalists wanted to either adopt Western ways or turn away from Western influences and toward Islam. 2 of 7 The New Imperialism Section 3: European Claims in Muslim Regions

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East India Company and Rebellion The British East India Company moved from a trading company that operated on the fringe of the Mughal empire to ruling all of India. They made this move by playing different Indian peoples against each other as well as by having superior weapons. Because of the Sepoy Rebellion against the company and the company’s brutal backlash, the British government took over India’s rule. 1 of 6 The New Imperialism Section 4: The British Take Over India Witness History Audio: Critical of British Rule History Interactive: Imperialism in India to 1858

Impact of British Colonial Rule British rule of India helped the country to modernize and improve its infrastructure and brought a legal system that promoted justice for all Indians. However, some initiatives, such as the one to create more farms for cash crops, caused famine and ecological harm. 2 of 6 The New Imperialism Section 4: The British Take Over India Color Transparency 147: Indian Tea Poster Note Taking Transparency 163 Different Views on Culture While some upper-class Indians adopted and admired Western ways, others had more pride in Indian culture. Ram Mohun Roy combined both views and started a movement that established English schools in India. Among the British, there were also those who admired and those who looked down upon Indian culture.

Indian Nationalism Grows By the late 1800s, Western-educated Indians had begun a nationalist movement. The Indian National Congress was organized in 1885 and it supported eventual self-rule and Western-style modernization. When Muslims began to mistrust Hindus in the Congress party, they formed their own Muslim League. 3 of 6 The New Imperialism Section 4: The British Take Over India QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency

Trade Between Britain and China China moved from having a trade surplus with Western countries to having a trade deficit. When British merchants were getting rich from selling opium to the Chinese, China’s demands to shop the trade led to war. British warships had the latest technology and China was defeated. Britain then forced China to open more ports to trade and to give Britain the port of Hong Kong. The Taiping Rebellion Weakens China The peasant revolt known as the Taiping Rebellion nearly toppled the Qing dynasty and led to the deaths of 20–30 million Chinese. As a result, the Qing government had to share power with regional commanders. 1 of 7 The New Imperialism Section 5: China and the New Imperialism

3 of 7 The New Imperialism Section 5: China and the New Imperialism Color Transparency 148: The Great Powers Divide China Launching Reform Efforts When it became obvious that China was no match for Western powers or a modernized Japan, imperialists rushed to carve out spheres of influence along the coast. The U.S. introduced an Open Door Policy to keep Chinese trade open. In 1898, emperor Guang Xu began a reform program to modernize China called the Hundred Days of Reform, but the Conservatives soon retook control.

4 of 7 The New Imperialism Section 5: China and the New Imperialism The Qing Dynasty Falls The Qing dynasty once again had to contend with foreign guns and demands after the Boxer Uprising brought in forces of the Western powers and Japan. A Chinese nationalist movement was growing and led to the birth of a republic after the empress Ci Xi died. QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency QuickTake Chapter Test