Research Method in Animals Science Presented by: A. Riasi and M. A Edris Department of Animal Science روش تحقیق در علوم دامی
اهداف این درس 1- ارایه کلیاتی در مورد اصول تحقیق و مراحل انجام یک تحقیق علمی همراه با مثال های مرتبط با علوم دامی 2- آشنایی با شیوه نگارش پیشنهاد پایان نامه ( پروپوزال ) و پایان نامه های کارشناسی ارشد 3- آشنایی با اصول نگارش مقالات فارسی و انگلیسی 4- انجام تکالیف درسی شامل نوشتن پروپوزال فرضی، تهیه یک پوستر به زبان فارسی یا انگلیسی
سرفصل های بخش اول
سرفصل های بخش اول (ادامه)
اما : آيا مي توان هر گونه تلاش براي پاسخ گويي به پرسش ها و نادانسته ها را « تحقيق علمي » ناميد؟ آيا مي توان به هر كسي كه اطلاعاتي را جمع آوري مي كند و يا پرسشي را پاسخ مي دهد، محقق گفت؟ در مباحث علمي تعريف اصطلاحي تحقيق یا پژوهش چيست؟
سؤال Question برخي از پرسش هاي ما به خاطر بي اطلاعي به وجود مي آيند.
مسأله problem
بنا براين، در تعريف تحقيق می توان گفت : تحقيق، کوششی روشمند برای پاسخ گويی به مشکلات علمی است که موجب نوآوری و پيشرفت علم می شود.
Definitions of Research Advanced Learner’s Dictionary: A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.
Redman and Mory: A systematized effort to gain new knowledge. Clifford Woody: A careful inquiry or examination in seeking facts or principles, a diligent investigation to ascertain something.”
C.C. Crawford: A systematic and refined technique of thinking, employing specialized tools, instruments and procedures in order to obtain a more adequate solution of a problem than would be possible under ordinary means. It starts with a problem, collects data or facts, analyses them critically and reaches decisions based on the actual evidence.
Significance of Research All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention.” Hudson’s Maxim
1. For educationists in studying various educational problems and in seeking answers to various educational problems. 2. For social scientists in studying social relationships and in seeking answers to various social problems.
3. Provides the basis for nearly all government policies in our economic system. 4. For solving various operational and planning problems of business and industry.
5. It inculcates scientific and inductive thinking. 6. It promotes the development of logical habits of thinking and organization.
7. To understand the new developments in one’s filed in a better way.
Objectives of Research General Aims To find out the truth which is hidden and which has not been discovered as yet. To discover answers to questions through the application of scientific procedures.
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it. (Exploratory or Formulative) To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group. (Descriptive)
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else. (Diagnostic) To test hypothesis of a casual relationship between variables. (Hypothesis-testing)
Motivation for Research Desire to get a research degree. Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems.
Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work. Desire to be of service to society. Desire to get respectability.
Desire to understand casual relationships. Directions from government. Employment conditions. Curiosity about new things. Social thinking and awakening.
Types of Research I. Classification based on ‘goal or objective’’ 1. Fundamental Research. 2. Applied Research. 3. Action Research.
Types of Research (continue) II. Classification based on ‘methodology’ 1. Historical Research. 2. Descriptive Research. 3. Experimental Research.
تحقيق بنيادی تحقيقی است که برای گسترش و بسط دانش يا علوم پايه طرح ريزی می شود و ممکن است همه يا بخشی از اين دانش در آينده کاربرد داشته باشد ولی معمولا خود محقق در کاربرد آن نقشی ندارد.
Fundamental Research (Basic/Pure) AAims at obtaining empirical data that can be used to formulate, expand or evaluate a theory.
Fundamental Research (Basic/Pure) ( continue) CCreation of knowledge solely for the sake of knowledge. NNot concerned with the solution of immediate practical problems.
تحقيق کاربردی اين نوع پژوهش برای يافتن راه حل مسائل فوری با ماهيت عملی متمرکز است و جنبه عملی داشته و معمولا خود محققين درکاربرد نتايج آن دخالت دارند.
Applied Research (Field) Directed towards the solution of a specific and practical problem. Testing of theories or laws in the actual field setting.
Applied Research (Field) (continue) Devoted to the solution of the problems of filed workers or other affected individuals.
Action Research Focused on the immediate application and not on the development of a theory. Emphasis on decentralization of decision making and action.
Historical Research DDescribes What was? PPurpose: to arrive at an exact account of the past, to build a perspective about the present, to predict and control our future activities.
Descriptive Research Describes What is? Purpose: To discover the relationship between the existing variables.
Experimental Research Describes ‘What will be’ when certain variables are carefully controlled or manipulated.
Experimental Research (continue) Purpose: Examine the impact of one set of variables on another set of variables.
Process of an Experimental Research Experiments Analysis Interpretation Generalization Recording