1. Sabine Mendes Lima Moura Issues in Research Methodology PUC – November 2014

2.  Search for definitions: ◦ “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge.” ◦ “systematized effort to gain new knowledge.” ◦ “the manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”

3.  1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it (studies with this object in view are termed as exploratory or formulative research studies);  2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group (studies with this object in view are known as descriptive research studies);  3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else (studies with this object in view are known as diagnostic research  studies);  4. To test a hypothesis (or answer research questions) of a causal relationship between variables (such studies are known as hypothesis-testing research studies).

4.  What motivates you? What are your concerns?

5.  Descriptive research includes surveys and fact-finding enquiries of different kinds. The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.  In analytical research, on the other hand, the researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.

6.  Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem or working to understand a relevant question facing a society or an industrial/business organisation.  Fundamental research is mainly concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory.

7.  Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or toreinterpret existing ones.  Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research,coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

8.  Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount. It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity.  Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. For instance, when we are interested ininvestigating the reasons for human behaviour (i.e., why people think or do certain things),we quite often talk of ‘Motivation Research’, an important type of qualitative research.  Is there a quali-quantitative intermediate position ?

9.  Qualitative versus Quantitative  Qualitative approach to research is concerned with subjective assessment of attitudes, opinions and behaviour. Research in such a situation is a function of researcher’s insights and impressions. Such an approach to research generates results either in non- quantitative form or in the form which are not subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis.

10.  Differentiating characteristics ◦ Goals  Quantitative: tests theory, establishes facts, shows relationships, predicts, or statistically describes  Qualitative: develops grounded theory, develops understanding, describes multiple realities, captures naturally occurring behavior ◦ Research design  Quantitative: highly structured, formal, and specific  Qualitative: unstructured, flexible, evolving

11.  Differentiating characteristics ◦ Participants  Quantitative: many participants representative of the groups from which they were chosen using probabilistic sampling techniques  Qualitative: few participants chosen using non- probabilistic sampling techniques for specific characteristics of interest to the researchers ◦ Data, data collection, and data analysis  Quantitative: numerical data collected at specific times from tests or surveys and analyzed statistically  Qualitative: narrative data collected over a long period of time from observations and interviews and analyzed using interpretive techniques

12.  Differentiating characteristics ◦ Researcher’s role  Quantitative: detached, objective observers of events  Qualitative: participant observers reporting participant’s perspectives understood only after developing long-term, close, trusting relationships with participants ◦ Context  Quantitative: manipulated and controlled settings  Qualitative: naturalistic settings

13.  1) Formulating the research problem  2) Extensive literature survey/review  3) Development of working hypotheses or research questions  4) Preparing the research design  5) Determining sample design

14.  6) Collecting the data  7) Execution of the project  8) Analysis of data  9) Hypothesis-testing  10) Generalisations and interpretation  11) Preparation of the report

15.  Good research is systematic  Good research is logical  Good research is empirical  Good research is replicable

16. Can we come up with our own set of criteria? And how far can we go?