Elizabethan Catholics and Puritans English Catholicism after Mary The Council of Trent Conformity, Recusancy, Exile Catholic Resistance in England Jesuit Priests Plots against the Queen’s Life Survival of the Catholic Community Early Elizabethan Puritanism “But Halfly Reformed” Conformity, Moderation, Separatism Puritanism Within/Without the Church Political Puritanism Presbyterianism & Separatism The Attack on Separatism A “Priest Hole” for Harboring Catholic Priests while under Investigation

English Catholicism after Mary The Council of Trent : 3 Periods, last was Doctrinal Clarity; Condemning Heresy Catholic/Counter Reformation Invitations to English/German Protestants Declined; Prot. Solidarity/Alliance Conformity Swearing the Oath of Supremacy (M.P.s) Universities: Protestant Theology (Clergy) Recusancy Refusing to Attend Church Services Lack of Outward Conformity Exile Flight to the Mainland: France, Italy, L.C. Pope Paul III, 1543, by Titian

Catholic Resistance in England Jesuit Priests Society of Jesus; Ignatius Loyola Douai, ’68: William Allen Valladolid, ‘89; St. Omer, ’96 Edmund Campion, Robert Parsons Mission to England, ‘80-1 Plots against the Queen 1569: Northern Rebellion Catholic Nobles for Mary, Q. Scots 1570: Regnans in Excelsis Pope Pius V’s Deposition 1571: Ridolfi Plot Pope, Spain, Scotland, Norfolk 1583: Throckmorton Plot English, Spain, Scotland, Guise 1586: Babington Plot English, Jesuits, Scotland Mary, Queen of Scots, 17 th Cent.

Survival of the Catholic Community Recusancy Fines Initially Low Enforcement Increased £ and Enforcement, ’70 Landed Families Nobility and Genry Priest Holes Itinerant Priests Clandestine Networks Strong in the North, Wales Pockets in Oxfordshire, Kent Elizabethan Catholicism Did Not Die Qua Marian Protestantism Coughton Court, Home of the Throckmorton Family; Warwickshire

Early Elizabethan Puritanism “But Halfly Reformed” Alienated by Compromise of ER Settlement Yearning for “Further Reformation” Returning Marian Exiles (esp. Swiss Lands) Calvin’s Geneva; Bullinger’s Zürich Conformity (Officials) Outward/Public Observance Inward/Private Devotion E.g.: Cecil, Jewel Moderation (“Hotter Sort of Protestants”) Calvinist Clergymen; Emmanuel, Cambridge Edmund Grindal, Bp. London Nonconformity Admonition to Parliament, 1572 Some Support from Powerful Patrons Emmanuel College, est. ‘84 Training Ground for Puritan Clergymen

Puritanism Within/Without the Church Political Puritanism Advocacy of Protestant Church Home/Abroad Clergy, Laity; Politicians, Diplomats Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester Francis Walsingham, Secretary Grindal, Abp. Canterbury Prophesyings (Special Meetings) Presbyterianism & Separatism Rejection of Est. Ecclesiology Presbyt: Congregation, Classis, Synods Thomas Cartwright, John Field Separ: Private Congregations Robert Browne, Norwich, 1580 Henry Barrow, London, 1592 Francis Walsingham, c. 1587; NPG

The Attack on Separatism Separatism as Sedition Catholics & Presbyterians Alike Not Treated as Heresy, so much as Treason Extension of Recusancy Fines Unlicensed Preaching John Whitgift, Abp. Cant, 1583 Succeeded Grindal (Had been Suspended) Enforcement of Supremacy, BCP, 39 Arts. Court of High Commission; Oath Ex Officio Required to Answer All Questions Radicals Going too Far (Justified Attack) Marprelate Tracts (Funny Pamphlets) “Frantic” William Hacket (“Messiah”) An Effort Towards Protestant Conformity Lessened Catholic Threat Continued Protestant Diversity “And be it known unto them that Martinism stands upon another manner of foundation than their prelacy does, or can stand. Therefore if they will needs overthrow me, let them go in hand with the exploit rather by proving the lawfulness of their places than by exercising the force of their unlawful tyranny. For once again, I fear not their tyranny.” From The Protestation of Martin Marprelate, September 1589