1. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

2. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

3. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

4. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

5. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

6. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (i) In 1562 French Catholics took control of Paris and murdered French Protestants. This made Elizabeth increasingly worried about her lack of control of northern parts of England, near to Catholic Scotland. She therefore replaced the authority of the northern nobles with that of handpicked southern nobles who she felt she could trust. Nobles such as the Earl of Northumberland who lost their family lands in this way, now had no reason to remain loyal to Elizabeth. The Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland and Lord Leonard Dacre, planned first to free Mary, Queen of Scots from her house arrest in England. Once this was done they had two options: they could use Mary to force Elizabeth I to make concessions on religion and name her as successor; or they could depose Elizabeth I and replace her with Mary immediately. To Help the rebellion the Poe was asked to issue a decree (Papal Bull) to excommunicate Elizabeth from the Catholic Church. It was hoped this would encourage Catholics to join the rebels. At the same time there was an interconnected plot in Elizabeth’s court in London to allow the Duke of Norfolk (who had Catholic sympathies) to marry Mary, Queen of Scots. The plan was suggested by the Earl of Leicester (Robert Dudley), one of Elizabeth’s court favourites, and had Catholic support from the Earl of Westmorland, who was the Duke of Norfolk’s brother-in-law, and the Earl of Northumberland. The marriage, they hoped would allow Mary to gain popularity at court.

7. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

8. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

9. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

10. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

11. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

12. The Northern Rebellion (1569) (ii) Failure of the plan: The Earl of Leicester confessed to the plots. Elizabeth I moved Mary, Queen of Scots from London so that she could not be the figurehead of the rebellion. The Papal Bull did not arrive until after the rebellion had collapsed. The rebels were pushed northwards by the Earl of Sussex and his troops of the Council of the North with little resistance. With the collapse of the rebellion, Elizabeth I ordered the deaths of 700 rebels including the Earl of Northumberland. The Duke of Norfolk was imprisoned in the tower awaiting his fate.

13. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

14. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

15. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

16. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

17. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

18. The Papal Bull (1570) In 1570 there was worrying news. The Pope had excommunicated Elizabeth from the Church (The Northern Earls wanted this but it arrived too late for their rebellion). He called her a ‘servant of wickedness’ and said that she was not the rightful Queen. He ordered Catholics not to obey her. In 1571 Parliament passed and Act against Bulls from Rome. It said that anyone who said that Elizabeth was a heretic or was not the rightful Queen was a traitor. NB. A Papal Bull is an order or decree from the Pope

19. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

20. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

21. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

22. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

23. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

24. The Ridolfi Plot (1571) Robert Ridolfi had been involved in the plot of the Rebellion of the Northern Early. He had learned from the mistakes of the plot that foreign help was needed to depose Elizabeth. Through his connections as a Florentine banker, he secured the help of the Spanish Duke of Alba and 10,000 soldiers who were stationed in the Netherlands. Ridolfi overestimated the English support he would receive. Unfortunately, part of his plan was to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart and for Mary to marry the Duke of Norfolk. Mary, being a former Queen of France, made it impossible for the Duke of Alba to support this part of the plan as he feared it would lead to a powerful union of France and England, so backed off. Word of the plot reached Elizabeth. Although there was evidence to connect Mary Stuart to the plot Elizabeth did not have her executed. Ridolfi was never captured as he remained abroad for the rest of his life but the Duke of Norfolk was executed.

25. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

26. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

27. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

28. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

29. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

30. The Throckmorton Plot (1583) Sir Francis Throckmorton acted as an intermediary between the imprisoned Mary Stuart, the Spanish Ambassador and Catholic supporters. Elizabeth’s spies arrested and tortured him and he admitted to being involved in planning a Catholic uprising to depose Elizabeth. Although he retracted his statement later he was accused of high treason and executed.

31. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

32. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

33. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

34. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

35. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

36. Murder of William of Orange (1584) In 1584 more worrying news arrived. William of Orange, the leader of the Dutch Protestants, had been shot dead by a Catholic. Like Elizabeth he had been excommunicated from the Catholic Church and Catholics felt that he was a heretic who should be killed. Elizabeth’s privy Councilors were worried that she could be the next Protestant leader to be murdered. When Parliament met in 1584 they encouraged MPs to pass a Bond of Association. It sad that if Elizabeth was murdered, Parliament would make sure that the murderers were punished – as well as anyone who benefited from Elizabeth’s death.

37. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.

38. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.

39. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.

40. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.

41. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.

42. The Babington Plot (1586) A Catholic, Gilbert Gifford, had been captured and when tortured by Elizabeth’s spied confessed to a planned plot to kill the Queen and replace her with Mary. Walsingham, Elizabeth’s chief spy agreed to free the man if he acted as a double agent. He duly began passing letters between the other conspirators including Mary Stuart and Anthony Babington, a Catholic with connections at the French embassy, outlining the plot. However, every letter that passed through his hands he shared with Walsingham. As a result all details of the planned assassination were revealed. Babington was hung drawn and quartered and there was at last solid evidence to bring Mary Stuart to trial and she was sentenced to death for treason.