The Protestant Reformation

The Catholic Church By 1500, the Catholic Church had become corrupt. The Renaissance spurred secular ideas like Humanism. People hated paying church taxes. Popes spent huge sums of money on worldly things. The Church started selling indulgences, or pardons from sins.

Martin Luther Leads the Reformation German monk from Wittenberg, Germany. In 1517, he protested the sell of indulgences Posted the 95 Theses on the castle church door in Wittenberg. His actions began the Reformation, a movement for religious reform during the Renaissance.

Lutherans Luther had challenged the Church Martin Luther was excommunicated by Pope Leo X in His ideas spread and many started to break from the Catholic Church and form their own churches. Luther’s followers became Lutherans – Faith Alone (Justification by Faith) – The Bible – No priests, everyone equal The word “Protestant” was applied to any Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches.

The Reformation Spreads to England The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press spread ideas quickly In 1509, Henry VIII became king of England He needed a male heir to his throne His wife, Catherine, only gave him a daughter He wanted a divorce, but the Catholic Church forbid it. He broke away from the Catholic Church by passing the Act of Supremacy He formed a new Protestant faith called Anglicanism, taking control of the Church of England. (The Anglican Church) He ended up with 6 wives by the time of his death in 1547.

Elizabeth I After Henry VIII died, his three children would rule England for the next half century. – Edward VI ( ) – Mary I ( ) – Elizabeth I ( ) Mary I returned the Church of England to Catholic and had many Protestants killed. Elizabeth I formed the new Anglican Church – Traces of both Protestant and Catholic traditions – One both could agree on – Ex: priests allowed to marry

Calvinism Develops John Calvin ( )- developed another Protestant faith known as Calvinism. Broke away from the Catholic Church in 1533 and forced out of France. Gained popularity in Geneva, Switzerland in 1536 and established a theocracy. – Established strict rules there – No priests or mass – No music, games, or bright clothing Predestination-doctrine of Calvinism that God has chosen from the beginning who will be saved. These are known as “the elect.” Men and women are sinful by nature and cannot earn salvation. Influenced other Protestants in Europe such as Presbyterians in Scotland and Puritans in England.

The Counter Reformation As Protestants churches continued to form, the Catholic Church decided to reform itself. (Counter Reformation) Jesuits-members of a religious order of the Pope’s followers called the Society of Jesus. – Founded Schools – Convert non-Christians – Stop Protestantism The Council of Trent ( )- meeting of Catholic cardinals and bishops to settle certain disputes – Church interpretation of Bible was final – Need Faith and Good Works – Bible and Church tradition are equally powerful – Indulgences are valid, but not the false sell of them

The Impact of the Reformation New Christian Churches and denominations Increased religious wars between Protestants and Catholics Increased persecution Increase in the power of monarchs and nations in Europe These nations would seek more power through war, exploration, and expansion

Issue #1 The sell of Indulgences and Relics by the Church

Issue #2 The way to earn salvation is through priests, mass, and good deeds.

Issue #3 Priest Marriage and Divorce in the Catholic Church

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