1. The Reformation Continues…
Chapter 1
Section 4

2. Main Ideas
As Protestant reformers divided over beliefs, the Catholic Church made reforms.
Many Protestant churches began during this period, and many Catholic schools are the result of reforms in the Church.

3. Introduction
Other forms of Protestantism were developing across Europe.
Martin Luther had launched the reformation in Germany, but it spread.
In Switzerland, another major branch of Protestantism emerged.
Based on teachings of John Calvin, French follower of Luther.
Unique ideas on relationship between people and God.

4. Calvin Continues Reformation
Huldrych Zwingli began reformation in Switzerland.
Influenced by Erasmus & Luther.
Attacked Catholic Church, called for return of personal faith & more control of Church.
Led to fighting between Swiss Protestants & Catholics.
Led to Zwingli’s death.

5. Calvin Formalizes Protestant Ideas
Published Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Expressed ideas about God, salvation & human nature.
Agreed with Luther that salvation could not be earned.
Based on idea of predestination.
This religion became known as Calvinism.

6. Calvin Leads the Reformation in Switzerland
Calvin’s ideal government – theocracy
Government controlled by religious leaders
Protestants invited Calvin to lead Geneva.
Strict rules
Everyone attended religious classes.
No bright clothing or card games
Break rules? Imprisonment or excommunication
Preach a different doctrine?
Burned at the stake

7. Calvinism Spreads Scotland - John Knox drew on Calvin’s ideas.
Created Presbyterian Church
Made Calvinism Scotland’s official religion.
Swiss, Dutch & French adopted Calvinism.
France – followers = Huguenots
Great violence between Huguenots & Catholics
Massacres ~ 12,000 Huguenots killed

9. Anabaptists “baptize again”
Only baptized once old enough to decide to be a Christian.
If someone was baptized as a child, then they were re-baptized as an adult.

10. The Catholic Reformation
Movement to help Catholics remain loyal.
Ignatius of Loyola – Gathered followers.
Pope created a religious order known as the Society of Jesus.
Members – Jesuits
Three activities: founding schools, convert Christians to Catholics & stop the spread of Protestantism.

11. Reforming Popes
Catholics agreed on several doctrines at the Council of Trent:
Church’s interpretation of Bible was final.
Christians also needed good works for salvation, not faith alone.
Bible and Church were equally powerful.
Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But false selling was banned.
List of Forbidden Books – considered dangerous to Catholic faith, ex. Protestant Bible
Venice – followers burned 10,000 in one day!

12. Religious and Social Effects of the Reformation
Protestant churches flourished.
Catholics became more unified.
Both focused on education in promoting beliefs.
Led to founding of parish schools & universities.
Women’s lives did not get better.
Limited to concerns of family & home.

13. Political Effects of the Reformation
Individual monarchs & states gained power due to declination of Church authority.
Led to development of modern nation-states.
Rulers sought more power for themselves & nation through warfare, exploration & expansion.
Questioning of beliefs & authorities laid groundwork for the Enlightenment (intellectual movement).