Chapter 26: The Cold War

Section 1: Origins of the Cold War

United States v. Soviet Union Had been Allies against Germany in WWII The enemy of my enemy is my friend America: Capitalist Soviet Union: Communist The two countries did not agree on most things VS.

Leaders Truman: American President He went to a conference in Potsdam as the newest member of the Big Three He was angry when it was clear that Stalin would not keep his end of the deal and allow democracy in the Soviet controlled parts of eastern Europe Stalin: Communist leader of Soviet Union Wanted Communism to control all countries in his power; thought capitalism was wrong

Stalin Truman

United Nations A group of representatives from many countries who worked to keep peace between countries The U.S. and U.S.S.R. ended up using the UN to promote their ideas to other countries and it made the Cold War worse

UN, 1945

Potsdam Conference July 1945 Meeting between major countries involved in WWII Stalin refused to allow democracy in countries he controlled Truman knew that there would be trouble between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. This was the start of the Cold War

Churchill Truman Stalin

Tension Mounts Satellite nations: countries where Stalin set up communist governments controlled by the S.U. Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Poland Stalin said that Communism and Capitalism could not work together and another war was inevitable Truman suggested containment: stopping the spread of communism to other countries “Iron Curtain”: the division between communist eastern Europe and capitalist western Europe

US Aims vs. Soviet Aims in Europe Encourage communism in other countries Rebuild eastern European countries hurt during the war Control eastern Europe to balance US power in western Europe Keep Germany divided so it would not get too powerful again Create a new world order: all countries to have self-determination Gain access to raw materials and markets Rebuild stable gov’ts in Europe and new markets for American goods Reunite Germany so it would be more productive

Containment The name of the US foreign policy during the start of the Cold War We did not want to let communism spread, we wanted to contain it

Truman Doctrine The US would give money to Greece and Turkey so they could fight off any attempt at a Communist take-over

Marshall Plan Sec. Of State Marshall’s plan to give aid to any country whose people were suffering from poverty after the war 1946-1947: a terrible winter made things even worse for people who were struggling to rebuild after WWII This made the US look like heroes and communism did not spread in Western Europe

US and USSR fight over Germany

US and USSR fight over Germany After WWII, Germany was split into zones In an attempt to take over the American controlled part of Berlin, Stalin closed off all access to the city Berlin Airlift: 327 days of British and American planes flying over Berlin and dropping supplies to the people stuck in the city (food, fuel, medicine, Christmas presents, etc.) By May 1949, Soviet Union admitted defeat and lifted the blockade

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, United States, and Canada A military alliance: All these countries agreed that they would defend each other if one was attacked Greece, Turkey, and West Germany joined in the 1950s

NATO It had a standing army of 500,000 troops so other countries did not want to attack members of NATO

The Cold War Heats Up Section 2

China Becomes a Communist Country Chiang Kai-shek:  nationalist leader supported by America ($3 billion) Mao Zedong: Communist leader who led his side to victory and established a Communist government after the war The nationalists led by Kai-shek fled to Taiwan; America and the UN refused to accept the Peoples Republic of China (the communist government)

The Korean War Japan controlled Korea 1910-1945 1945: Japan surrendered North of 38th Parallel to Soviets and South of the 38th to Americans 1950: N. Korea led a sneak attack on S. Korea S. Korea asked UN for help; the Soviets boycotted the UN because Taiwan was recognized, not the P.R.C. Truman sent troops from occupied Japan to Korea

The Korean War 16 nations sent 520,000 troops to help S. Korea (90% were American) 590,000 S. Korean troops Troops were led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur The Chinese support the N. Koreans Both sides fought to hold the 38th Parallel 1951-1953: Peace talks last 2 years, war ends in stalemate Account: http://books.google.com/books?id=NRt5lgErVJEC&lpg=PA203&ots=fYYO2M8zx4&dq=we%20were%20eyeball%20to%20eyeball...we%20couldn't%20move%20at%20all%20in%20the%20daytime%20without%20getting%20shot%20at&pg=PA203#v=onepage&q&f=true

MacArthur vs. Truman MacArthur wanted to wage full scale war against China Truman refused to go along with this idea MacArthur tried to go around Truman by talking to the media and other politicians Truman fired MacArthur MacArthur was a WWII hero and many people backed him – he came home to a hero’s welcome

The Cold War at Home 26-3

Fear of Communist Influence Loyalty Review Board: a group that investigated gov’t workers and their possible disloyal behavior House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) – investigated communist activity in the movie industry Hollywood Ten: movie industry workers who refused to testify because of their civil liberties Blacklist: list of movie industry workers who were suspected communists who couldn’t get work

Spy Cases The secret of how to make an Atomic Bomb had been leaked to the Soviets by spies Alger Hiss: was accused of spying by a convicted spy, no hard evidence, was convicted of perjury and sent to jail Richard Nixon gained fame from prosecuting this case Ethel and Julius Rosenberg: were implicated by a scientist of espionage (spying) and were sentenced to death even though they plead the 5th Amendment during their trial

Joseph McCarthy Senator from Wisconsin Became famous for accusing suspected communists in the State Dept and eventually the U.S. Army Because he accused WWII hero’s, people had enough of his tactics and was disgraced

Two Nations Live on the Edge 26-4

Brinkmanship Our policy of being on the edge of all out war with the Soviets during the beginning of the Cold War H-Bomb: hydrogen bomb; 67 times stronger than the A-Bomb dropped on Hiroshima Dwight D. Eisenhower: President from 1953-1959 John Foster Dulles: Sec. of State under Eisenhower

Cold War Throughout the World CIA: Central Intelligence Agency; investigated issues for the American government that occurred in other countries Warsaw Pact: signed in 1953 as a formal alliance between the Soviet Union and eastern European countries Suez War: 1955; Egypt tried to play the Soviet Union and USA against each other for control over the Suez Canal Eisenhower Doctrine: the US will defend the Middle East against any attempt at Communist take-over

Cold War / Space Race Nikita Khrushchev: took over the Soviet Union after Stalin’s death in 1953 Sputnik: The Soviet launched satellite that orbited the earth This prompted America to invest heavily in our space program and science \ math in public schools U-2 Incident: When Francis Gary Powers was shot down over the Soviet Union in his U2 spy plane