1. The Cold War: Decade by Decade
U.S. versus U.S.S.R.
1940s & 1950s

2. What was the Cold War? Definition:
A struggle over political differences between the U.S. and the Soviet Union carried on by means short of direct military action or war
How was it “fought”?
Spying, propaganda, diplomacy, alliances, secret operations and foreign aid

3. Two Superpowers: Differing goals
United States
World’s richest country
Cities and factories remained intact
Encourage democracy and prevent communism
Rebuild European governments to promote trade
Reunite Germany to stabilize it and Europe
Soviet Union
50 times more deaths
Many Soviet cities were destroyed
Encouraged worldwide communism
Protect its borders by controlling Eastern Europe
Keep Germany divided to prevent its waging war again

4. The Cold War: 1940s Policy of Containment Began in 1945
American policy that attempted to restrict communism to its current border
Continued throughout the Cold War

5. The Cold War: 1940s The Truman Doctrine (1945)
Truman went before a joint session of Congress to appeal for $400 million in aid to Greece & Turkey
Why?
To prevent the further spread of communism

6. The Cold War: 1940s The Marshall Plan (1948-1951)
Named after Secretary of State George Marshall
A “rebuilding” program
$13 billion in aid was sent to Western European nations
Why?

8. The Cold War: 1940s NATO (1947) North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Military alliance with the purpose of defending all members from outside attack
Who was in NATO? (10 Western European Nations + U.S. & Canada)
Warsaw Pact (1955)
Formed in retaliation against NATO
Who was in the Warsaw Pact? (Soviet Union, E. Germany, Czech, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, & Albania)
NATO: U.S., Canada, Belgium, Denmark, Fr, Iceland, Italy, Lux, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, UK
Warsaw Pact: Soviet Union, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and Albania

10. The Cold War: 1940s Berlin Airlift (June, 1948)
GB, France & the U.S. consolidated West Berlin
In retaliation, Soviet troops blockaded highways, railways & shut off West Berlin’s electricity
To aid the people, British & American planes spent 11 months dropping supplies…
The blockade was lifted in 1949

12. The Cold War: 1950s Stalin died in 1953; replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
“De-Stalinization”
Reversed some of Stalin’s policies
Promised better wages
More consumer goods
More freedom to artists & intellectuals
Reduction of terror by the secret “police”

14. The Cold War: 1950s Peaceful Coexistence
Khrushchev’s policy to compete with the west but avoid war
Encouraged nations to follow communism
Improved housing conditions
Increased production of consumer goods
Put emphasis on technological research

15. The Cold War: 1950s The Hydrogen Bomb
Thousands of times more powerful than Atomic bomb
U.S. tested first H-bomb in 1952
Soviets tested H-bomb in 1953
H-bomb – power came from fusion or joining together of atoms, rather than the splitting of atoms (atomic bomb)
Both countries often tested new bombs above ground until they agreed to ban such tests in 1963

16. The Cold War: 1950s

17. The Cold War: 1950s The Space Race
Began in when the Soviets launched Sputnik
The U.S. “retaliated” soon after
Created NASA (National Aeronautics & Space Administration)
Began to put a greater emphasis on math and science in the classroom
“H-BOMB” - THOUSANDS more powerful than the A-Bomb
United states tested first h bomb – 1952
Soviets tested h bomb – 1953
Oct. 4, 1957 – Soviets launched Sputnik – the first unmanned satellite above the earth’s atmosphere
1958 – Americans launched its own satellite

18. The Cold War: 1950s Dwight D. Eisenhower became president in 1952
His Secretary of State was John Dulles
Implemented the policies of massive retaliation and brinkmanship (willingness to go to the brink, or edge of war)
Brinkmanship – a policy of threatening to go to war in response to any enemy aggression
United States strengthened air force and began producing stockpiles of nuclear weapons
Soviet Union – doing the same thing

19. The Cold War: 1950s Cuba & Communism:
Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro
Eisenhower cuts off trade to Cuba
Castro turns to Soviets for support
CIA begins training non-communist Cuban exiles to overthrow the government in Cuba…(to be continued)