Botany
Botany – study of plants
Characteristics Multicellular eukaryotes
Characteristics chlorophyll – green pigment that captures energy from sunlight
But not everything that is green is a plant…
Characteristics Perform photosynthesis (autotrophs)
Other organisms that photosynthesize bacteria Euglena
Characteristics cuticles – waxy layer that coats surfaces of plants – keep from drying out
Cuticle
Anything else have cuticles?
Characteristics cell walls – supports and protects the plant cells
Characteristics Multicellular Eukaryotes Chlorophyll Perform photosynthesis Cuticles Cell walls
Classifying Plants
Nonvascular plants Lack tubes to carry water and nutrients throughout plant Use osmosis because most plants are only a couple cells thick
Nonvascular plants Reproduce with spores
Examples mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Size Small and short, stems can’t support weight and have no way to transport water up
Rhizoids Hair like structures to anchor the plant
Diecious Mosses have sexes in two separate plants, require water for fertilization
Sphagnum (peat moss) Burned as fuel, super absorbent and holds moisture
Seedless Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular plants Have tubes but still reproduce with spores
Examples ferns, horsetails, club mosses
Size Larger in size, vascular tissue strengthens stem and carry water upward
Frond Fern leaf that unrolls as it grows
Rhizomes Underground horizontal root
Monoecious Contain both sexes on one plant, require water for fertilization
Seed Plants
Seed Plants Have vascular tissue and seeds instead of spores
Seeds Have a protective seed coat and stored food
Pollen Male gamete, allowed the transfer to another plant without water
Classifying Plants
Gymnosperms- “naked seeds”, seeds are not enclosed in a fruit conifers cycads ginkgoes
Gymnosperms seeds usually develop in cones
Different Cones
Gymnosperms Mostly wind pollination
Conifers – “cone bearing” Examples – pines, spruces, firs, cedars, redwoods
Records – among all living things Tallest – redwood trees (367.5 feet)
Records Oldest – bristle cone pine (over 5000 years)
Cycads – Jurassic plants that resemble palms
Ginkgo trees – living fossils, may be linked to fruiting plants
Angiosperms
Angiosperms “covered seeds” – have flowers and fruit
Angiosperms Most abundant plants
Advantages
Flowers More efficient pollination – wind, water, insects, or other animals
Fruit Scatter seeds better
Two major groups: Monocots Dicots
Monocots - most of our food supply Examples: grasses, wheat, corn, rice
Dicots Most flowering plants Examples: maples, oaks, magnolias
Seed Leaves Monocots Dicots
Leaf Veins Monocots Dicots usually parallel Dicots Usually branched
Stems Monocots Scattered bundles Dicots Bundles in rings
Flowers Monocots Dicots Parts in multiples of 3 Dicots Parts in multiples of 4 or 5
Roots Monocots Fibrous roots Dicots Taproot
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?
Monocot or Dicot?