1. Plantae (Plants) SB3b. Compare how structures and functions vary between the six kingdoms (archaebacteria, eubacteria, protista, fungi, plantae and animalia)

2. Characteristics Eukaryotic Cell walls of cellulose Autotrophic Multicellular Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Mostly terrestrial

3. Evolution What did the plant have to overcome to live on land? ProblemSolution Drying outCuticle: waxy covering on leaves to prevent water loss Transport tissue: transport nutrients and water PhotosynthesisPigments: used to trap sunlight Reproduce without water Spore: haploid reproductive cell surrounded by a hard covering (sexual reproduction) Seeds: a plant embryo surrounded by a protective covering (sexual reproduction) OR asexual reproduction through budding, grafting or cuttings DispersalProtected Seeds Endosperm: tissue that provides nourishment for the developing plant forms a fruit

4. Nonvascular Plants Need to grow in moist environment because they get water by osmosis; NO ROOTS Life cycle-alteration of generations Short Lack vascular tissue Usually reproduce by spores Examples: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

5. Vascular Plants Seedless Vascular Plants: precursors to vascular plants w/ seeds –Dominant plant life until ~200 million yrs. ago –Produce spores Ex. Whisk fern, club moss, horse tails, pg. 550

6. Vascular Plants continued Seed plants-dominant modern plants Divided into two groups –Gymnosperms Have seeds in cones Produce pollen that is carried by wind, water to ovule to form seeds Are often evergreens Ex. Phyla Coniferaphyta (pines), Cycadophyta (sago palm), Gnetophyta (Welwitschia), and Ginkgophyta (Ginko)

7. Vascular Plants - Angiosperms All plants have flowers or fruit Seed enclosed in fruits Pollination occurs by wind, water, or animals Valuables sources of food, timber, textiles, and medicine Double fertilization occurs –Egg and Sperm = Seed –Polar Bodies and Sperm = Endosperm to nourish the seed Monocots and Dicots

8. Monocots vs. Dicots Monocots –Flowers parts in 3s –Parallel veins –1 cotyledon in seeds –Vascular tissue in “monkey faces” scattered throughout the stem –Ex. Grasses, corn and lillies Dicots –Flowers in 4s or 5s –Net-like veins –2 cotyledons in seeds –Vascular tissue around the edges of the stems –Ex. Roses, beans, and sunflowers

9. Parts of Flower Female parts (Carpel) Stigma- where pollen germinates Style- Ovary Male parts (Stamen) Filament Anther- where pollen is produced Endosperm- food rich tissue that nourishes a seedling; ex. In the coconut, the milk is the endosperm

11. Plant Structures and Functions Roots- underground organ that absorbs water and minerals; also anchor the plant –Taproot : one large root w/ small roots off of it; Ex. Pine Trees –Fibrous root system : many small roots. Typical for many monocots –Adventitious roots : specialized roots that grow from stems & leaves –Ex. Prop roots

12. Plant Structure and Function Cont. Stems –Tubers : underground stems that store carbohydrates Ex. Potato –Stolons : horizontal aboveground stems that form new plants Ex. Strawberry

13. Stems Function to support the plant & hold the leaves up In some plants the stems have chlorophyll for photosynthesis In monocots the vascular bundles are throughout stem (monkey faces) In dicots the vascular bundles are arranged around the outer portion of the stem

14. Plant Structures and Functions Cont. Leaves –Tendril : wraps around objects to anchor the plant Vines, peas, pumpkins –Food traps : trap insects in carnivorous plants Pitcher plants, honeydew –Spines : function for protection & reduce desiccation

15. Leaves Take in CO2, photosynthetic Possess stomata on the underside of the leaf. Leaves also contain chlorophyll which is essential in the process of photosynthesis

16. Plant Structure and Function Cont. Vascular Tissue Xylem- carries water upward from the roots to the rest of the plant Phloem- transports the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the rest of the plant

17. Monocot Stem