The Middle Ages in Europe Building Nation States

The Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne’s death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons. The western part developed into one nation – France. The eastern parts began to break down into many smaller parts – although they technically remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. After Charlemagne’s death, his kingdom was divided among his three sons. The western part developed into one nation – France. The eastern parts began to break down into many smaller parts – although they technically remained part of the Holy Roman Empire.

The Holy Roman Emperors eventually were elected to the office by the heads of the smaller realms that made up the Holy Roman Empire. This often meant that the Holy Roman Emperors were weak and much of the real power lay in the hands of the princes who elected him. The Holy Roman Emperors eventually were elected to the office by the heads of the smaller realms that made up the Holy Roman Empire. This often meant that the Holy Roman Emperors were weak and much of the real power lay in the hands of the princes who elected him.

The Catholic Church: Religion or Politics As the government entities known as kingdoms developed in Europe, the power of their monarchs began to come into conflict with the power of the Church. As the government entities known as kingdoms developed in Europe, the power of their monarchs began to come into conflict with the power of the Church. Pope Gregory IV tried to remove the influence of feudal lords from the Church and the priesthood. Pope Gregory IV tried to remove the influence of feudal lords from the Church and the priesthood. Henry IV – Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Gregory IV over the question of INVESTITURE. Henry IV later humbled himself in the snow before the pope. Henry IV – Holy Roman Emperor was excommunicated by Gregory IV over the question of INVESTITURE. Henry IV later humbled himself in the snow before the pope. THIS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND MOPNARCHS WILL LEAD TO THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, GREAT SCHISM, AND THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION. THIS CONFLICT BETWEEN THE PAPACY AND MOPNARCHS WILL LEAD TO THE BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY, GREAT SCHISM, AND THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION.

By the 1400s, the Holy Roman Emperors were traditionally elected from the HABSBURG family that controlled Austria. By the 1400s, the Holy Roman Emperors were traditionally elected from the HABSBURG family that controlled Austria.

The Development of France in the Middle Ages France began as a kingdom when Charlemagne’s grandsons divided his lands into three parts – the western part became France. France began as a kingdom when Charlemagne’s grandsons divided his lands into three parts – the western part became France. 987 A.D. – HUGH CAPET elected by the French nobles to be king. He is often recognized as the first truly French king. For many centuries, the French monarchs were very weak. Usually, their own vassals were stronger than they. 987 A.D. – HUGH CAPET elected by the French nobles to be king. He is often recognized as the first truly French king. For many centuries, the French monarchs were very weak. Usually, their own vassals were stronger than they.

The Hundred Years War Starting in the later 1300s, the English and French fought in France for nearly one hundred years. The English kings wanted to take greater control of France The English kings owned large sections of France – and were in theory the vassals of the French king. Starting in the later 1300s, the English and French fought in France for nearly one hundred years. The English kings wanted to take greater control of France The English kings owned large sections of France – and were in theory the vassals of the French king.

Joan of Arc Joan of Arc

Jeanne d’Arc (JOAN OF ARC) “the Maid of Orleans” – French peasant girl who said that holy voices told her to save France. She did lead French armies to victory. She was eventually captured by the English and burned to death. Jeanne d’Arc (JOAN OF ARC) “the Maid of Orleans” – French peasant girl who said that holy voices told her to save France. She did lead French armies to victory. She was eventually captured by the English and burned to death.

The Development of England during the Middle Ages The Romans under Julius Caesar first invaded the island today known as Great Britain. The Romans faced fierce resistance – but eventually established the southern part of the island as part of the Roman Empire. The Romans under Julius Caesar first invaded the island today known as Great Britain. The Romans faced fierce resistance – but eventually established the southern part of the island as part of the Roman Empire.

About 60 A.D., the native Britains rallied around their warrior queen – BOUDICCA. About 60 A.D., the native Britains rallied around their warrior queen – BOUDICCA. While she was eventually defeated, her heroism and defiance against the Romans is still legendary. While she was eventually defeated, her heroism and defiance against the Romans is still legendary.

Boudicca

In order to help defend Roman Britain from the people in the north – known as the Picts (ancestors of today’s Scottish), the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered a massive defensive wall built across the island. Similar to the ancient Wall of China, it provided limited defense and required the use of thousands of Roman soldiers to man the wall’s defenses. In order to help defend Roman Britain from the people in the north – known as the Picts (ancestors of today’s Scottish), the Roman Emperor Hadrian ordered a massive defensive wall built across the island. Similar to the ancient Wall of China, it provided limited defense and required the use of thousands of Roman soldiers to man the wall’s defenses.

The Romans brought Roman culture to Britain – giving the capital it’s name of Londinium. The Romans brought Roman culture to Britain – giving the capital it’s name of Londinium. Roman civilization can still be seen in the city of Bath – named by the Romans because of the geothermic waters there that the Romans used for building formal baths. Roman civilization can still be seen in the city of Bath – named by the Romans because of the geothermic waters there that the Romans used for building formal baths.

Great Britain – an island of invasion Until 1066, the southern part of the island of Great Britain was continually invaded, conquered, and settled by different European peoples. Each group brought with it a different culture and language that has been incorporated into what today call English. Until 1066, the southern part of the island of Great Britain was continually invaded, conquered, and settled by different European peoples. Each group brought with it a different culture and language that has been incorporated into what today call English.

Some of the invaders and conquerors were: Some of the invaders and conquerors were: Celts Celts Romans Romans Angles Angles Saxons Saxons Vikings Vikings Normans – from Normandy in France Normans – from Normandy in France

The uniqueness of the English language today comes in part because of the many languages that combined with the language of the native Britains over the centuries to make English. The uniqueness of the English language today comes in part because of the many languages that combined with the language of the native Britains over the centuries to make English.

The Anglo-Saxon rulers of Britain developed the southern part of the island into the “land of the Angles” or ENGLAND. The Anglo-Saxon rulers of Britain developed the southern part of the island into the “land of the Angles” or ENGLAND. In the early Middle Ages – pre 1066, they were plagued by invasions and raids by the Vikings from Scandinavia. To the English – the Vikings were feared above all. In the early Middle Ages – pre 1066, they were plagued by invasions and raids by the Vikings from Scandinavia. To the English – the Vikings were feared above all.

The Norman Invasion of England In 1066, England was ruled by the Anglo-Saxon king EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. When he died that year, his relative HAROLD became king. In 1066, England was ruled by the Anglo-Saxon king EDWARD THE CONFESSOR. When he died that year, his relative HAROLD became king. Harold quickly became involved in fighting new and fearsome invasions by the Vikings. Harold quickly became involved in fighting new and fearsome invasions by the Vikings. Harold also had reason to fear across the English Channel in the French region of Normandy. Harold also had reason to fear across the English Channel in the French region of Normandy.

Bayeux Tapestry

Tomb of Edward the Confessor in Westminster Abbey

The Normans were ruled by Duke William of Normandy. He claimed that the dead Edward the Confessor had promised the throne of England to him. In 1066, William sailed with thousands of soldiers and Norman nobles. They invaded England to take the throne from Harold. Harold’s troops were exhausted from just having defeated the Vikings – and they were defeated by the Normans at the BATTLE OF HASTINGS in The Normans were ruled by Duke William of Normandy. He claimed that the dead Edward the Confessor had promised the throne of England to him. In 1066, William sailed with thousands of soldiers and Norman nobles. They invaded England to take the throne from Harold. Harold’s troops were exhausted from just having defeated the Vikings – and they were defeated by the Normans at the BATTLE OF HASTINGS in 1066.

William the Conqueror – William I of England The Normans established a kingdom in England that continues today with William the Conqueror’s descendant – Elizabeth II. The Normans established a kingdom in England that continues today with William the Conqueror’s descendant – Elizabeth II. The Normans brought French language, culture, and legal system to England. For many generations the Normans and Anglo-Saxons of England struggled for power and to live together. The Normans brought French language, culture, and legal system to England. For many generations the Normans and Anglo-Saxons of England struggled for power and to live together.

Elizabeth II – descendant of William the Conqueror Elizabeth II – descendant of William the Conqueror

William the Conqueror united England under his control. He used military force and bureaucracy. William the Conqueror united England under his control. He used military force and bureaucracy. He built many castles throughout the kingdom for his forces to rule from – such as the Tower of London and Windsor Castle. He built many castles throughout the kingdom for his forces to rule from – such as the Tower of London and Windsor Castle. He established the DOMESDAY BOOK which was a bureaucratic survey of the kingdom. He established the DOMESDAY BOOK which was a bureaucratic survey of the kingdom.

William I William I tomb tomb

Tower of London

Windsor Castle

Development of Rights The English nobles and people always resisted a monarchy with unlimited power. The English nobles and people always resisted a monarchy with unlimited power. COMMON LAW – Henry II established traveling judges who went throughout England ensuring that the law was the same everywhere – for the wealthy and the common people COMMON LAW – Henry II established traveling judges who went throughout England ensuring that the law was the same everywhere – for the wealthy and the common people

1215 – the nobles feared that King John had too much power. They forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA – or Great Charter. This was the king’s recognition that the nobles had rights he could not trample upon. These were not rights for the common people – but it is seen as the beginning of a government that recognized its own limits to power – the nobles feared that King John had too much power. They forced him to sign the MAGNA CARTA – or Great Charter. This was the king’s recognition that the nobles had rights he could not trample upon. These were not rights for the common people – but it is seen as the beginning of a government that recognized its own limits to power.

Magna Carta Magna Carta

Tomb of King John

The nobles and wealthy people of England developed an assembly to balance the power of the monarch. This became known as PARLIAMENT. It has two parts to it: The nobles and wealthy people of England developed an assembly to balance the power of the monarch. This became known as PARLIAMENT. It has two parts to it: House of Lords – originally filled with people with hereditary tiles (this has changed) House of Lords – originally filled with people with hereditary tiles (this has changed) House of Commons – originally made up of wealth citizens who were not nobles House of Commons – originally made up of wealth citizens who were not nobles

Problems for England About the year 1350 – the Black Death or bubonic plague came to England. Approximately 1/3 of the population of Europe died from the disease. About the year 1350 – the Black Death or bubonic plague came to England. Approximately 1/3 of the population of Europe died from the disease. The Hundred Years’ War – rivalry between the English and French monarch led to over 100 years of warfare between the two nations. This was very costly for both countries and especially England – as it lost most of its territory in France The Hundred Years’ War – rivalry between the English and French monarch led to over 100 years of warfare between the two nations. This was very costly for both countries and especially England – as it lost most of its territory in France The War of the Roses – for 30 years two branches of the English royal family fought for control of England. The Lancasters used the symbol of the red rose and the Yorks used the white rose. The war ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when Henry Tudor (Lancaster) killed King Richard III (York). The War of the Roses – for 30 years two branches of the English royal family fought for control of England. The Lancasters used the symbol of the red rose and the Yorks used the white rose. The war ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when Henry Tudor (Lancaster) killed King Richard III (York).

Richard III Richard III

Henry Tudor Henry Tudor Henry VII Henry VII

The Tudor Monarchies The most powerful and perhaps most important of all of England’s monarch were the Tudors who reigned from 1485 to 1603 The most powerful and perhaps most important of all of England’s monarch were the Tudors who reigned from 1485 to 1603 Henry VII (Henry Tudor) crowned 1485 Henry VII (Henry Tudor) crowned 1485 Henry VIII Henry VIII Edward VI Edward VI Mary I – “Bloody Mary” Mary I – “Bloody Mary” Elizabeth I d Elizabeth I d. 1603

The Tudors brought a strong central power to England. They also worked well with Parliament and avoided power struggles between the two parts of the government. The Tudors brought a strong central power to England. They also worked well with Parliament and avoided power struggles between the two parts of the government.