Imperialism What exactly is it?

In Latin America Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

In Africa Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

In the Middle East Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

In Southeast Asia Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

In the Pacific Islands Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

In East Asia Who colonized? What happened? Impact of Industrialism? Economic role?

Were they all equal rulers? AFRICA: –Divide and conquer! –“White Man’s Burden”  coined by Rudyard Kipling (Social Darwinism) –Berlin Conference, 1884; Brussels Convention, 1890 –Differing governing roles, similar outcome: subjugation

Berlin Conference 1. Sphere’s of Influence were legitimized 2. Buffer states were established to prevent intervention of other European nations in their territory 3. Hostile tribes were thrown together. 4. Conflicting loyalties had grave consequences for the African tribes. 5. Natural dividing lines such as rivers or mountains were not considered

France Algeria, Ivory Coast, Madagascar, Guinea, French Congo (West, North, Central, and East Africa) Direct rule: the local elites were removed from power and replaced with a new set of officials brought from the mother country.

England Ghana, South Africa, Egypt Worked with local governments Patronizing Indirect rule: local rulers were allowed to maintain their positions of authority and status in a new colonial setting Brought in some levels of industry Allowed for easy movement within British Empire (Gandhi)

Good and Bad of British Rule: Britain improved- –Hospitals –Transportation –Communication –Road –Canals –Education –Laws & safety –Improved status for women Britain ruined –Freedom –Self-determination –Social system –Habits/customs –Increased racism –Economic exploitation

French vs. British rule: Direct versus indirect rule. The British followed the indirect approach. –At first, in some areas, the British simply asked a local ruler to accept British rule and to fly the British flag over official buildings. –Benefit: not disrupting local customs and institutions. –However, it also kept the old African elite in power and didn’t allow many ambitious and talented young Africans opportunities to get ahead. French direct rule assimilated African subjects into French culture rather than attempting to preserve native traditions. –Africans were eligible to run for office and even serve in the French National Assembly in Paris.

Belgium Congo—Central Africa Due to little extra-regional trade, Belgium radically transformed. (lots of intraregional trade—extensive water system) Personal property of King Leopold  sought economic return –1 st ivory, but switched to rubber –Extreme cruelty

Germany Kamerun, German East Africa Arrived late due to German consolidation

Italy Ethiopia  claimed as “Italian Protectorate” –Previously squeezed between Egyptian expansionists, the Turks, the English, the Italians –Christian country (since the 100s) –Unified country under 1 leader –Modern weaponry That didn’t last very long at all—

European Imperialism,

After the Berlin Conference