4 th Edition Copyright Prentice Hall10-1 Sex and Gender Chapter 10
Copyright Prentice Hall10-2 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Sex refers to genetic, anatomical, and hormonal differences between males and females. Gender refers to the prescriptions for behaviors, characteristics, roles, and physical appearance that a culture encourages for members of each biological sex.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-3 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Genetic inheritance is the most basic determinant of whether an individual is male or female. The 23rd pair of chromosomes determines a person's sex. A male has an X and a Y chromosome, whereas a female has two X chromosomes.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-4 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Early in development, the embryo's gonad (sex gland) can develop into either a testis or an ovary. The presence of a Y chromosome directs this undifferentiated gonad to develop into a testis.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-5 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Genetic abnormalities include Klinefelter's syndrome (XXY), in which a male has smaller- than-normal genitals, and may be mentally retarded. Females with Turner syndrome (X0) do not achieve sexual maturation. Males with the XYY chromosomal pattern are usually tall, have below-average intelligence, and may be more likely to commit crimes.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-6 Sex and Gender: An Introduction The size of the Y chromosome is a significant factor in the inheritance of sex- linked disorders such as color-blindness. The smaller Y chromosome does not carry as many genes as the larger X chromosome.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-7 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Males are more vulnerable than females to developmental disorders and certain fatal diseases.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-8 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Exposure to excessively high levels of androgens during the fetal period can result in adrenogenital syndrome Androgen insensitivity syndrome occurs when a male embryo does not respond to male hormones.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-9 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Hormonal factors are important determinants of sexual behavior in animals. They also play an important role in human behavior and in the development of the sex organs.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-10 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Males and females differ in a number of ways in their attitudes and behavior concerning sexual behavior. Among the common sexual dysfunctions are hypoactive sexual desire, male erectile disorder, and sexual pain disorders.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-11 Sexual Response Cycle Excitement phase –Heightened sexual awareness to thoughts, sights, touches, sounds, and odors Plateau phase –HR, BP, respiration, and muscle tension increase Orgasmic phase –Ejaculation occurs for men –Women experience rhythmic contractions of the pelvic muscles and vaginal walls Resolution phase –The body returns to pre-arousal state
Copyright Prentice Hall10-12 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Among the common sexual dysfunctions are hypoactive sexual desire, male erectile disorder, and sexual pain disorders.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-13 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Among the explanations for the development of gender distinctions are psychodynamic theory observational learning, cognitive developmental theory, and gender-schema theory.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-14 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Stereotyping is the tendency to view people in terms of a set of beliefs about the groups or categories of which they are members. Gender stereotypes based on the assumption that masculinity and femininity are opposite and cannot occur in the same person have been replaced by broader conceptions of gender such as the notion of androgyny.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-15 Sex and Gender: An Introduction Children in all parts of the world learn gender stereotypes rapidly and at an early age. The mass media influence the learning of gender stereotypes.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-16 Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females Apart from obvious differences in reproductive anatomy and genetics, there are not many biological differences between men and women.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-17 Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females A wide range of behaviors has been investigated from the standpoint of male- female differences. Males and females do not differ in overall intelligence, in part because intelligence tests were designed to equalize any differences.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-18 Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females In the past, females were reported to outperform males in verbal ability. The difference has narrowed to the point where it is essentially zero.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-19 Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females Males seem to perform better than females on tasks involving mathematical and spatial ability, although the difference is narrowing rapidly. The difference in mathematical ability seems limited to non-classroom tests; in class, girls obtain higher grades in mathematics than boys. Gender stereotypes and differential opportunities may have an impact on differences in mathematical and spatial ability.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-20 Similarities and Differences Between Males and Females There seem to be some differences in the ways in which males and females communicate. Differences in helping behavior seem to be related to gender stereotypes. Differences in aggression may be somewhat narrow if one recognizes that there are different types of aggression.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-21 Eagly & Wood (1991) Nine sex differences in adults observed across many studies: 1. Women are better at sending and receiving messages nonverbally. 2. Women conform to group pressure more than men. 3. Women act more friendly and agree more with other group members in small groups.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-22 Eagly & Wood (1991) 4. Men are more strictly task-oriented in work groups. 5. All female groups typically perform better than all male groups. 6. Men are more likely to emerge as leaders in initially leaderless groups.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-23 Eagly & Wood (1991) 7. Men are more helpful in short-term interactions with strangers. 8. Men behave more aggressively to others than women, particularly when the aggression brings about physical harm or pain. 9. Women report more life satisfaction and happiness than men.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-24 Social Issues Continued reliance on gender stereotypes can result in sexism-differential treatment of individuals based on their sex.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-25 Social Issues Sexism has been noted in adults' interactions with toddlers in preschool settings. Observations of elementary school classrooms have found evidence that sexism pervades those settings as well. In schools boys tend to be reinforced for assertiveness; girls are reinforced for politeness. These differences can also be seen in high school and college classrooms.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-26 Social Issues Women now earn more undergraduate college/university degrees than men. This trend is projected to accelerate in coming decades.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-27 Social Issues Sexual harassment has been defined as; –(1) coercion of sexual favors by means of promised rewards or threatened punishments (quid pro quo), –(2) creation of a hostile environment.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-28 Social Issues More than half of working women have experienced some form of sexual harassment. Men and women differ in their interpretation of events as instances of sexual harassment.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-29 Social Issues Women in leadership positions receive lower evaluations than men, although the difference is not large. There is evidence, however, that when evaluation criteria are ambiguous and the evaluators are men, there is a greater likelihood that women's leadership abilities will be devalued.
Copyright Prentice Hall10-30 Social Issues Despite the increase in the number of women who have entered the labor force in recent decades, men and women do not share household and child- care responsibilities more equally than they did in the past
Copyright Prentice Hall10-31 Social Issues Some psychologists have focused on the positive benefits that women derive from juggling work outside the home with household and other responsibilities. These benefits include increased ability to cope with stress.