1. Formula is generally C 1 H 2 O 1 2. Key source of energy 3. Found in grains, fruits and veggies

Carbohydrates cont… *Monomer = monosaccharide. *Monosaccharide + monosaccharide = disaccharide__ *Excess carbs are stored in liver as glycogen.

5. Table sugar is a disaccharide= two linked monosaccharides 6.A polysaccharide = many sugars linked in a chain. Ex: starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)

7. Animals digest polysaccharides into monosaccharides to use for quick energy 8.If it ends “ose” it’s usually a carbohydrate. Ex. Fructose, glucose, galactose, maltose, etc.

*Cellulose is a polysaccharide found in some vegetables (like corn) which humans can’t digest. That’s why if you don’t chew up our corn well enough, if goes right through your body. Wood is almost completely cellulose. Gross! *Cows and termites have bacteria in their stomachs that digest cellulose into monosaccharides for them.

*Bacteria in our intestines can break down some carbohydrates Into, unfortunately, gas. Cows actually burp quite a bit from these bacteria.

*Waxes, oils, cholesterol, steroid hormones, and fats. *Found in fried foods, meats and junk food. Important: Fats store twice as much energy as carbohydrates or proteins.

Lipids cont. Monomer = _glycerol_+ 3 fatty acids. On the end of the fatty acid is a carboxyl group= -COOH Functions in body: *Form cell membranes *Act as chemical messengers. Ex. Testosterone and estrogen * Store energy

Fatty acids are just long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. They are HUGE!

6.Fatty acids are known as either… saturated fats (all single bonds) or unsaturated fats (one or more double bonds).

Saturated fats tend to be animal fats and unhealthy because they are unreactive. They are solids at room temperature. Ex. lard and grease.

Most plant oils and some fish oils are made of unsaturated fatty acids.They are generally liquid at room temperature.

C. PROTEINS – abundantly found in meats, eggs, nuts, beans 1.Made from hundreds or thousands of AMINO ACIDS, (AA), linked together. 2. Humans need 20 different amino acids.

Proteins- Monomers are amino acids =(AA) AA are joined by _peptide_ bonds. Proteins contain nitrogen (N) Protein monomers, _AA_, have an amino group_-NH 2 __, and a carboxyl group __-COOH__. AA + AA =__dipeptide____ Enzymes: -Important in running reactions at lower starting energy amounts. -Help in regulating chemical pathways. -Used in transferring information. -Help release energy

The shape of the protein determines its function.

ENZYMES = Protein catalysts. Catalysts are needed in order for some chemical reactions to occur. Enzymes do not get used up in the reaction. Enzymes cause reactions to occur faster and with less energy

ACTIVATION ENERGY- energy needed to accomplish a chemical reaction Reactants Products

So what exactly do enzymes do? Less (activation) energy is needed for a reaction with enzymes. Activation energy without enzyme Activation energy with enzyme A flame is needed to burn oxygen but we do the same thing in our bodies at a lower temperature because of enzymes. Time

Our body takes the food energy and converts it into ATP. Sugar is easiest to convert into ATP. Most of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur in the body use enzymes that need ATP to overcome the activation energy needed.

The food energy is used to attach a 3 rd phosphate onto ADP (diphosphate) to make ATP (triphosphate). click When that last phosphate bond is broken a lot of energy is released and used to do a chemical reaction.