 Incidence ◦ An estimated 22% of Americans ages 18 and older or 1 in 5 adults has a diagnosable psychiatric/psychological disability Major Mood Disorders = 9.9 million Anxiety Disorders = 19.0 million Schizophrenia = 2.2 million Personality Disorders = 9.7 million

 Although there are some universal similarities among psychological disorders, they are categorized by the professional community due to the variability and resultant unique characteristics, but also to aid the appropriate differential diagnosis  The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders is the most widely used diagnostic tool

 Primary feature is a disturbance in mood  The DSM-IV-TR distinguishes between mood episodes and mood disorders, the later being dependent on frequency and duration of episodes  Mood Disorders are divided into:  Depressive disorder  Bipolar disorder  Mood disorder due to a general medical condition  Substance induced mood disorder

 Characterized by clinically significant anxiety with a general or specific nature that causes excessive worry, fear, inhibition, and interferes with daily functioning  Primary features: ◦ Panic Attacks ◦ Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◦ Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder ◦ Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

 May affect both cognitive and sensory perceptions  Characterized by delusions and/or hallucinations

 Personality disorders are maladaptive modes of behavior that are pervasive and inflexible and cause significant impairment in functioning  Personality disorders generally originate in adolescence or early adulthood

Functional Limitations  Looses touch with reality at times  Reluctant to participate in groups  Appears sad, withdrawn, hopeless

Functional Limitations  Experiences problems being accepted by peers and/or others  Has poor organizational skills  Destructive to self, others, materials

Functional Limitations  Becomes easily frustrated  Shows severe anxiety, which appears to be unrelated to specific events  Is easily distracted and seems unable to concentrat e

Functional Limitations  Discusses unreal and impossible plans, which seem to change daily  Develops an unkempt appearance or sudden excessive neatness  Exhibits excessive or unusual mannerisms

Functional Limitations  Shows little interest in doing homework. Does not complete assignments or come prepared to tutoring sessions  Develops poor attendance and/or is chronically late for sessions/meetings

Everything is on the table…