 DO NOW: OPVL – The Strategy of Massive Retaliation (New Look or Brinksmanship)  QUIZ NEXT CLASS  Southeast Asia – China & Korea  Fluctuating Relations – The ‘Thaw’, Eisenhower & Khrushchev, Geneva Summit, Secret Speech  Second Berlin Crisis, Vienna Summit, Berlin Wall

 Nov. 27 th 1958 Khrushchev issued his first Berlin Ultimatum  Attempt to push West into concluding a formal peace with Germany and agreeing that West Berlin should become an international and demilitarized area  Khrushchev wanted to reopen negotiations over future of Germany & limit NATO’s attempt at making West Germany a nuclear power

 Camp David – Sept ~ Khrushchev and Eisenhower meet at Camp David in US over tensions in Germany = Khrushchev drops ultimatium  Paris Summit – May 1960 ~ just before Paris Summit US U-2 spy plane shot down over USSR soil = doomed Parris Summit failure  Soviets proposed a confederation between the two German states with both West & East Germany leaving NATO & Warsaw Pact  Soviets wanted demilitarization of Berlin  Western powers resisted because Berlin was important propaganda, espionage and intelligence base behind the Iron Curtain  As discussion dragged on East Germans migrated to West Germany (200,000 a year)

 Kennedy now President of the US refused to make concessions on Berlin or Germany  Moved away from Eisenhower’s idea of massive retaliation, Kennedy still determined to contain communism  June 1961 Khrushchev gives permission to begin preparations for physically dividing Berlin

 # of East German refugees fleeing to West Berlin increased to 20,000 a month  Khrushchev orders to secure border between West & East Berlin – first a barbed wire fence was erected, by the end of August authorities rapidly began building the Berlin Wall  Remained a very visible image of the Cold War division between East & West until it was pulled down in Nov. 1989…did remove Germany as key issue in the Cold War & focus moved from Europe

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 Oct opponents were unhappy with his foreign policy actions (Cuban Missile Crisis)  Opponents able to secure a majority in the Central Committee for his removal = shared power at first between Leonid Brezhnev & Alexei Kosygin…would be much more conservative Khrushchev = (de-Stalinisation)  Pursued détente = achieve peaceful coexistence with the capitalist West  Hoped détente with the West would stabilize and gain acceptance of their Eastern European bloc and help prevent any US-China alliance directed towards Soviet Union

 Refers to the attempt in late 1960s by reform communist in Czechoslovakia to liberalize and develop a democratic communist state …leader was Alexander Dubcek  Set an example for domestic reforms elsewhere in the Eastern Block…SU worried about US reaction  Warsaw Letter – sent from SU, GDR, Hungary, Poland, and Bulgaria – claimed Dubcek policies were encouraging revolutionary ideas to spread  Prague Spring would end when the 5 Warsaw Letter heads sent military force to Czechoslovakia to end the reform movement = success

 Brezhnev issued what became known as the Brezhnev Doctrine’ at a congress of the Polish Communist Party  “When forces that are hostile to socialism try to turn the development of some socialist country towards capitalism, it becomes not only a problem of the country concerned, but a common problem and concern of all socialist countries” capitalism  In practice, the policy meant that limited independence of the satellite states' communist parties was allowed. However, no country would be allowed to compromise the cohesiveness of the Eastern bloc in any way.

 In your groups and on your paper create 6 boxes…label them as follow  A – D  E – H  I – L  M – P  Q – T  U – Z  In each box use DESCRIPTION WORDS of the two Cold War superpowers…US (Blue) SU (Red)…at least 20 words  Separate sheet of paper describe the significance of at least 10 events, words, terms, people, etc….

 1) Why was Khrushchev willing to allow West Berlin to be occupied by the West?  2) Explain the events of the Prague Spring.  3) What did the Brezhnev Doctrine state?