Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed??? Chapter 3: Migration Key Issue 2: Where are migrants distributed???

Global Migration Patterns Asia, Latin America, and Africa have out- migration North America, Europe, and Oceania have in- migration Reflects importance of migration from LDC’s to MDC’s

U.S. Immigration Pop of US includes 40 million foreign born individuals ½ are from Latin America ¼ are from Asia Other MDCs with high net migration Australia Canada Oil rich Middle East Countries

US Immigration Patterns U.S. immigration patterns offer unique study 3rd most populous country in the world Inhabited overwhelming by descendents of immigrants Three era’s of immigrations Settlement of colonies Mid 19th century- early 20th century 1970’s -today

Era I: Colonial Immigration from England and Africa 1600s- 1776 Sources: Africa Europe Slaves forced to migrate 400,000 shipped to 13 colonies 250,000 after 1808 European voluntary Harsh economic conditions Religious persecution 1 million migrated prior to independence 1 million between 1700’s to 1840’s 1st to arrive settlers at Jamestown, VA in 1607 90% prior to 1840 were British

Era II: 19th Century Immigration from Europe 40 million migrated to US Pulled by economic opportunities Mainly from Germany, Italy, U.K, Ireland and Russia 3 peaks 1840s, 1850s 1880s 1900-1913 1840’s-1850’s 1st surge(4.3 million) Mainly came from Northern and Western Europe Famine in Ireland (push) Germans Welcomed Protestant/white/English

2nd peak: 1880’s 500,000 migrants Northern and Western Europe Many migrants from Scandinavia Swedes Norwegians Migrants coming from countries moving into Stage 2 of Demographic Transition due to the Industrial Revolution

3rd peak of European Migration: 1900-1914 Nearly 2 million immigrants 2/3rds of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe Italy Russia Austria-Hungary Coincided with diffusion of Industrial Revolution

Era III:1970s - Present Asia: Latin America Pushed by: mainly 1970’s and 1980’s Mainly from China, Turkey, and Japan During 1990’s and 2000’s mainly from China, Philippines, and India 40% of Canadian immigration Latin America Late 1800s, 1990’s, and 2000’s 500,000 a year to U.S. Mexico passes Germany in 2006 as the country that sent the US the most immigrants Dominican Republic is #2 in L.A. Pushed by: Poor conditions at home Land shortage Rapid population increase Problems: US is no longer sparsely settled No longer economically booming Closed frontier

Impact of Immigration on the United States Legacy of European Migration Ended after WWI Europe’s Demographic Transition Rapid pop growth fueled migration Migration was a safety valve Europe now in Stage 4 Economies meet needs of people Diffusion of European Culture 65 million European immigrants impacted world culture Indo-European languages spoken by half the worlds population Christianity most prevalent religion Political and economic structures infused Colonial empires

Undocumented Immigration to the United States Legal immigration reached highest level in 20th century More people want to enter than allowed Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants Estimated at 11.9 million in 2008 59 % from Mexico 22% from elsewhere in Latin America 12% from Asia Children 2008 estimate: 6.3 million adult males 4.1 million adult females 1.5 million children 4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents Creates conflict: Jobs 8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed Construction/ hospitality Border easy to cross Border patrol Wall? Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs Some favor work programs Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants Dream Act opposition

Destination of Immigrants within the United States Clusters 1/5th in California 1/4th of undocumented 1/6th in New York Metro Area Proximity a factor Cuba / Florida Mexico/ Texas Chain Migration Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of same nationality previously migrated there Job prospects affect settlement South and West have rapid growth in jobs

Part II: Why do migrants face obstacles?

Immigration Policies of Host Countries U.S. Quota Laws Quota Act of 1921 and National Origins Act 1924 Unrestricted immigration ended in 1921 Quotas established 1924: 2% of 1910 census population Max 150,000 System continued until 1960’s Designed to ensure most immigrants were European Immigration Act of 1965 Quotas eliminated in 1968 and replaced with hemisphere quotas Eastern = 170,000 Western= 120,000 1978 Quota Hemisphere quota replaced with a global quota Total 290,000 Current Global Quota 620,000 7% max from one country Today those with families are “preferred” Skilled workers preferred Typical wait is 5 years Does not apply to refugees Has to be “genuine”

Immigration Issues Brain Drain Most immigrants young, well-educated US gives preference to “skilled workers” Large-scale emigration by talented people 84% in Haiti Asians

Cultural Problems US Attitudes Towards Immigrants Discrimination in 1840’s- 1850’s 1911: Southern and Eastern Europeans were “inferior” Deemed “inclined towards violent crimes” Resisted assimilation When Frontier “closed” public thought so should immigration Most recently undocumented workers have created a hostile issue CA, Arizona Voted to deny unauthorized immigrants access to public services

Attitudes towards guest workers In Europe, suffer from poor social conditions Lonely life Guest workers typically young males, no family Issues with language create cultural barriers Many oppose programs to improve guest workers living conditions France, Germany Some try to pay workers to leave

Guest Workers Temporary Migration for Work Guest workers Earn more than at home Help native populations by sending $ back Take low-skill, low-status jobs Sending workers abroad is an economic strategy for peripheral and semi- peripheral countries Lessens local unemployment Enables workers to send $ home Can help home countries

Time-Contract Workers Recruited for a fixed period to work in mines or on plantations When contract expired, many stayed Mainly in Asia China American Example: Chinese railroad workers 1860s

Economic Migrants and Refugees Difficult to distinguish between Migrants seeking economic opportunity and refugees fleeing government persecution Examples: Cuba Haiti Vietnam Economic migrants are not admitted unless they have a special skills or a close relative Refugees have special priority

Cuba U.S. was unprepared for sudden influx Migrants had to stay at camps 1987: US allowed 20,000 Cubans per year Cubans are regarded as political refugees since 1959 After Communist Revolution/ Castro 600,000 admitted to US after revolution in 1959 2nd flood in 1980 when Fidel Castro allowed people to leave Political prisoners Criminals Mental patients

Haiti 1957-1986 Duvalier Dictatorship Not associated with Soviet Union Refugees not allowed sued US government 1991 a coup to overthrow dictatorship led more immigrants to leave Today: lots of immigrants, now economic

Vietnam Huge flux with end of Vietnam war and success of communist North Vietnam in 1975 Migrated to many regions 800,000 in US since 1975 2nd surge in 1980s Mainly economic migrants