Relative Clauses & Your Projects Sergio Pizziconi

TV Intro - Cheers (USA, ) Sonic premium beef hot dogs accents Plan of the day Plan - Review - Keys - Relative clauses - Your Projects - Review - Keys - Relative clauses - Your Projects EXTRA-CLASS work: Read Chp 2 cases 1 (AMWAY) and 5 (BIC) [MARK relative clauses] Keep on working on your CVs and cover letter [try to make the sample letter in the text-book YOUR OWN letter] Write your project proposal. [if you send your proposal by (recommended), pretend it is a “business letter” (shrink the sample on page 215 to opening salutations + 2 to 3 lines to state what you’re attaching + closing salutation) addressed to me as if we had never met before] [SUBMISSION DUE BY APRIL 19 th ] Baffa & Pennino

Review: Phonology 1/1 Vowels: exercises from /i/ to /a/ and from /u/ to / ɒ / (lowering your jaw) from /i/ to /u/ mind driven; puff of air (see IPA chart). // Where accent falls is relevant: 1) OBject (n.) – obJECT (v.), 2) if lost, stress the first syllable, you’re likely to sound right. // Stress movement shortens/weakens previously stressed vowels (also in writing): proNOUNce  pronunCIAtion // This Miss /s/ unvoiced These Ms. /z/ voiced// “gh” mute (though, thought) OR /f/ (rough, tough)

Review: Morphology 1/1 ADJ+ly  ADV; N+ly  ADJ // V+er  N(s.o./s.t. does V) // To+N(and most words)  V (google  to google; wow  to wow) // V + ance/ence  N (differ+ence, perfom+ance) // Help+less antonym help+ful // Adj+ en  V (to make s.o./s.t Adj) // Adj(max2syll.) + er  Adj (comparative: more Adj) Adj(max2syll.) + est  Adj (superlative: most Adj) BUT: good – better – best; bad – worse – worst // Singular: Thesis, Analysis, Hypothesis, Axis /s/ unvoiced Plural: Theses, Analyses, Hypotheses Axes /z/ voiced // Datum (sing.) Data (pl.) Criterion, phenomenon (sing.) Criteria, phenomena (pl.)

Review: Syntax 1/3 Verbs: transitive Vs. intransitive (Direct object, Indirect object, Oblique object)// passive Vs. active (mentioned)// AUXILIARY verb for the perfect tenses (actually, aspect) ALWAYS to have (e.g., Things have changed) BUT: passive voice (e.g., Rules were changed by the CEO) or few constructions (e.g., are you finished?) // Phrasal verbs. Verb+ ADV or Prep. To bring about = to cause, to engender (causare, determinare) // Typical declarative sentence structure: Subj + Verb +….. Typical negative: Subject + do/does/did + not+ V(base form) Typical question: Do/Does/Did + Subject + V(base form) N.B. When some sort of auxiliary is already in the sentence USE IT instead of adding to do Emphatic statement Subj +do/does/did +V(base form) // What brings about unemployement? (what = SUBJECT) What does unemployment bring about? (what = ????) WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion RIGHT: ????

Review: Syntax 2/3 Skoda is…, Italy/France/Japan is… [WITHOUT article] BUT The United States of America, The United Kingdom, The Netherlands // Once upon a time there was a small village in the country. The village was… [see vignette below] In light of (mainly US) In the light of (mainly UK) [see FOEs for possessive case and article]// TRANSITIVE: to raise (raised – raised); to lay (laid – laid) INTRANSITIVE: to rise (rose – risen); to lie (lay – lain) (lying) N.B.: to lie (to say something untrue) (lied – lied) (lying)

Review: Syntax 3/3 Syntax: Modal verbs: can, may, will, shall, must, could, might, would, should + BARE INFINITIVE (without to) Interrogative: MODAL + Subj + BARE INFINITIVE (must I go?) Negative: Subj + MODAL + not + BARE INFINITE (I mustn’t go, I cannot go OR I can’t go, I won’t go) They do not take to before or after: WRONG To may, to must, to could… WRONG WRONG I can to go, you may to talk… WRONG They do not take –s for 3° person singular WRONG he cans do, she mays do… WRONG They have no tense it’s a matter of distance from reality: Next year, I am/will be/can be/ may be/could be/might be in the UK I want TO focus/analyze I would like TO focus/analyze

Review: Pragmatics 1/1 Pragmatics: Do not pick on students or class fellows. //“See you later.”// Language varies across jobs. //Think it over before saying “No, this is wrong” Recommended: “Very interesting point/question. Let me point out though that…” or some sort of hedging (softening expression).// FORMAL: Dr. Pizziconi, your course is interesting [NOT: his/her]. INFORMAL: Sergio, your course is interesting. {“On a first name basis” “May I call you Sergio?”}.// How is it going? How (are) you doing? What’s up? Wassup? Sup?  It’s always Good.// Expectation of truthful statement. // Lag time between turns: When asking for questions, wait for a longer time.// Greetings (see next slide)//

Review: Pragmatics (Appendix) Pragmatics: InformalFormal GreetingsSup? Wassup? What’s up? How you doing? How is it going? How are you doing ? Good morning/afternoon/e vening Intro“(very) nice/glad/pleased to meet you! How do you do? Parting after first meeting (very) nice/glad/pleased meeting you!

Review: Tools 1/1 Tools: Also, the financial and legal dictionaries within and the Idioms section. // Check for the frequency of sentences googling them in quotes “……..” // Semantics of prototypes // Google advanced search: with pdf and site:.edu (US universities) or.ac.edu (UK universities) SUNECO’s library’s link to “online sources” (Open access journals)

FOEs 1/4 - Information (uncountable: much information NOT many informations, NOT an information) -Economy Vs Economics - Security (against criminal actions) Vs Safety (against dangerous actions) - Across (time, space whether real or abstract) Vs Through (space; means/tool) - Frequent (a bar, a restaurant) Vs attend (a course/program/school) -I study English Vs I study the English language -Aim/Attempt at (+ N; V-ing) OR to (+ V-base form) - A + consonant sound! OR pronounced h : a house, a university An + vowel sound! OR mute h: an unpredictable even, an hour.

FOEs 2/4 - I’m graduated FROM Aversa high school I graduated FROM/AT Aversa high school - Such as (listing examples) as (in the function of) - Comparison and manner: As (+entire clause) like (+noun) -Wal-Mart is one of the largest employers in the US. In fact it’s the largest (  A dire il vero) -Industry usually means productive sector. Plant, factory (are the words for the place where things are manufactured) -When a word is not used because of its meaning but as a word to be dealt with, mark it somehow: The verb can expresses…; The verb “can” expresses…; The verb can expresses

FOEs 3/4 What’s wrong in the sentence below? – Is more correct to use “may” to mean permission. You need a subject! Io sono d’accordo  I agree with+N/ to +Vbase form (clause)…. [NOT: I am agree] A Facebook page is/isn’t useful to keep in touch [NOT for to keep in touch] Possessive case: The doctor’s house Vs X Dr. Smith’s house The consumer’s choice Vs The consumers’ choice BUT The child’s toy Vs The children’s toy BUT X Giordano’s book Vs The Giordano book

FOEs 4/4 (charts) Fall – fell – fallen WRONG: his trend is regular RIGHT: ???? ITA: media  ENG: mean (on average) Price varies according to volume WRONG: It is steadily for the first part RIGHT: It is steady. It levels steadily. It is steadily high. WRONG: After there is a slowly fall RIGHT: ???? WRONG: Before it varies RIGHT: ???? PREPOSITIONS AprilMay June IN June ON May 23rd DURING the month AT the end of June

Keys: Grammar review Price has increased/decreased WRONG: Price is increased/decreased I’m interested in fashion WRONG: I’m interesting in fashion Its trend is regular WRONG: His trend is regular Then/Afterwards/Later/Subsequently/Aft er that-this, there is a slow fall WRONG: After there is a slowly fall At the beginning/At first/Initially, it varies WRONG: Before it varies

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) Joining AIM has several advantages for a growing company such as asos.com

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) Joining AIM has several advantages for a growing company such as asos.com SUBJ

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) It can grow by simply selling more of its products

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) HOW It can grow by simply selling more of its products

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) However, a company would need finance to fund any acquisitions

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) WHY However, a company would need finance to fund any acquisitions

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) The manufacturer could also choose to merge with one of its suppliers, such as a timber merchant

The manufacturer could also choose to merge with one of its suppliers, such as a timber merchant Keys: Sentences (ASOS) D.O.

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) Moreover, it has grown rapidly without incurring the problems that this can cause for some businesses

Moreover, it has grown rapidly without incurring the problems that this can cause for some businesses Keys: Sentences (ASOS) On WHAT CONDITION

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) It can take a long time to repair a damaged reputation

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) SUBJ It can take a long time to repair a damaged reputation

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) The first step in any online business is to ensure that the website offers something of real value to consumers

Keys: Sentences (ASOS) ATT. The first step in any online business is to ensure that the website offers something of real value to consumers D.O.

Keys: Relative Clauses (ASOS) When a company is very small, a manager tends to take on most managerial functions

When a company is very small, a manager tends to take on most managerial functions Keys: Relative Clauses (ASOS) WHEN

In class activity 1. Looking good isn't important, it's everything 2. By getting the mix right, the company ensures that its products reach the market segment 3. The key is to combine the ingredients to get the right cake for the right occasion as far as the marketing mix is concerned, it has got the balance right.

General structure of the sentence S V (D.O.) (I.O.) Why? Where? When? How? On what condition? (Att) Links within the text About the relation between interlocutors CircumstancesTextual markers

After they talked on the phone, Tom sent a book to Mary where he was working for his dissertation to allow her to study for her exam by using an message but he asked Mary to promise to return it. S V (D.O.) (I.O.) Why? Where? When? How? On what condition? (Att) Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for her exam by with Mary’s promise to return it.

Yesterday, Tom sent a book to Mary from the library for her exam by with a promise from Mary. S V (D.O.) (I.O.) Why? Where? When? How? On what condition? (Att) MAIN CLAUSE: The large graph, with a tensed verb that refers to a process (action, state, characteristic …) (-ing, -ed participles, infinitive) or a tensed verb. It refers to a process that can virtually replace any constituent of the main clause. Relative clauses SUBORDINATE CLAUSE: The smaller graph, with an untensed

Refreshing What sentence constituent is the underlined subordinate clause replacing? I think (that) you can do excellent projects

Relative clauses 1/10 MAIN CLAUSE: We have already sold the books – SUBORDINATE A: We received the books yesterday – SUBORDINATE B: The books were delivered yesterday Write two sentences: 1)MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE A 2)MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE B

Relative clauses 2/10 The two sentences: 1)MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE A: We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday 2)MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE B We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday

Relative clauses 3/10 We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element

Relative clauses 4/10 We have already sold the books that we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element A Main Clause with a Noun Phrase A relative pronoun A clause with a missing element

Relative clauses 5/10 We have already sold the books …….. we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books that XXXX were delivered yesterday Here, I can omit the relative pronoun WHY? Here, I canNOT omit the relative pronoun

HIDDEN Relative clauses (whiz) 6/10 We have already sold the books …….. we received XXXX yesterday We have already sold the books delivered yesterday Here, I can omit the relative pronoun WHAT have I deleted? But here, I can omit much more

Relative clauses 7/10 We called the speakers who XXXX proposed a great lecture We called the speakers whom we contacted XXXX yesterday Here, I use who WHY? Here, I am supposed to use whom

Do you remember this slide? We all give some money S V (D.O.) transitive Personal Pronouns to the left of V I you he she it we you (all) they who Personal Pronouns to the right of V me you him her it us you (all) them whom

Fused relative pronouns 8/10 the place in which I used to study – the place where – where write the project the time in which you are clear – the time when – when The reason for which I work so hard – The reason why – why The way in which you learn English – The way how – how The thing that is not clear to you is that – what

Relative clauses: Just in case 10/10 Try to figure out what the pair below has to do with relative clauses: Restrictive Vs Non-restrictive The car that is parked in front of the department is mine My car, which is parked in front of the department, is a FIAT

MUSTs & MUST-NOTs MINIMUM MUSTs MUST rephrase MUST cite sources MUST circumscribe your scope MUSTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST carry out YOUR OWN analysis MINIMUM MUST-NOTs MUST NOT copy and paste MUST NOT hide sources MUST NOT write your paper in the slides MUST-NOTs for “GOOD/HARD WORK” assessment MUST NOT just repeat what other scholars wrote