1. **Reminders... - The forms of have are: have, has, and had - The forms of be are: is, are, was, were, be, being, been and am - The helping verb will always shows a future tense

2. Verb Tense Simple Present study Past (usually uses ed ending) studied Future ( will ) will study Perfect (form of have and ed ending on verb) Present perfect - action that took place at an indefinite time in the past, or action started in the past and continues into the present has changed Past perfect - action was completed before something else started had changed Future perfect - action will be completed before a specific time in the future. will have changed Progressive - expresses a continuing action (form of be and ing ending on verb) Present progressive - happening right now is paying Past progressive - something that was happening in the past was paying Future progressive - something that will be happening in the future will be paying Perfect Progressive (combines perfect and progressive, form of have + form of be) Present perfect progressive - has been studying Past perfect progressive - had been studying Future perfect progressive - will have been studying

3. Verbs - verbs can be labeled at Transitive or Intransitive Transitive Verbs - the action has a receiver. We call the receiver the direct object. Tyler throws the ball. Michael runs the race. Intransitive Verbs - there is no receiver of the action. - linking verbs are always intransitive. Katie is fast. Kelley throws to Lauren.

4. Direct Objects - The direct object is the receiver of the action. It answers the question whom or what after the verb. - It is always a noun or pronoun - It can not be in a prepositional phrase. To find the direct object you should go through the following steps: Sample: Worker bees perform many different tasks in the hive. Step 1: What is the verb? perform Step 2: Who does the action? (What is the subject?) bees Step 3: The subject does the action to what? In this case - The bees perform what? tasks

5. Indirect Objects - The indirect object tells who or what was affected by the action. - Only sentences with direct objects can have indirect objects, but the indirect object comes first in the sentence. - Indirect objects answer the questions to or for whom? or to or for what? - Indirect objects are always nouns or pronouns. To find the indirect object first find the direct object. Sample: I asked Ms. Jackson some questions about spiders. Verb = asked Subject = I Direct Object = questions Then ask to whom? - Ms. Jackson

6. Predicate Nouns and Predicate Adjectives When there is a linking verb in a sentence (is, are, was, were, seems, etc.), the linking verbs connects the subject to a noun that renames it, or to an adjective that describes it. Predicate noun (also called predicate nominative or subject complement) - renames the subject. Predicate adjective - describes the subject

7. Active and Passive Voice If a verb is in active voice the subject of the sentence is the doer of the action. If the verb is in passive voice the subject receives the action. In passive voice the verb will have a form of be as a helper. Examples Her son drove the bus. - active voice The bus was driven by her son. - passive voice

8. Subject Verb Agreement - Subjects and verbs must always agree in number. (Remember a noun that is plural usually ends in s, but a verb that is plural usually does not end in s) - If a sentence has 2 subjects joined by and the verb must be plural - If a sentence has 2 subjects joined by or or nor the verb must agree with the subject that is closer to it in the sentence. for example: Grapes or an apple is for snack. An apple or grapes are for snack. - When a sentence is in inverted order or interrupted order make sure you find the subject to make sure it agrees with the verb.

9. Troublesome Verbs - rise, is risen, rose, has risen - to get up, go up (No DO) - raise, is raising, raised, has raised - to lift up, increase, help grow (Has DO) - lie, is lying, lay, has lain - to rest, recline, remain in one place (No DO) - lay, is laying, laid, had laid - to put something down, place (Has DO) - sit, is sitting, sat, has sat, - to be seated (No DO) - set, is setting, set, has set - to place or put (Has DO)

10. - bring, is bringing, brought, has brought - to carry or lead toward speaker (Has DO) - take, is taking, took, has taken - to carry or lead away from speaker (Has DO) - let, is letting, let, has let - to allow, permit (Has DO) - leave, is leaving, left, has left - to go away from, allow to remain (has DO) - lend, is lending, lent, has lent - to give something temporarily (Has DO) - loan - something that is lent ( NOUN - not verb)