Agenda  Discussion of Some Historical Developments Wiki Contributions (15 minutes)  Contributor Balderdash (15 minutes)  Theorist Overview (90 minutes)  Contributor Research Session (40 minutes)

 AE610: Survey of Art Education A Overview of Some Art Education Theorists

Theorists 1800s  William Bently Fowle  Was a teacher who “taught art” in Boston  Based art instruction after Geometry  Student monitors, drawing to aid in handwriting  William Minifie  “Taught art” in Philadelphia (but only taught for one year)  Geometric and mechanical drawing for industry Other schools-Art taught to help handwriting skills Upper class- Art taught for societal reasons

Theorists 1800s  G. Stanley Hall  Psychology/Education  Child Study Movement focus shifted from what could be impressed on the child to what the child could express  More emphasis placed on imagination  Walter Smith  Hired to facilitate instruction in response to compulsory art education by Massachusetts in 1871  State Director, City Supervisor, Teacher Trainer, and Author  Prescriptive curriculum built from simple to complex

Theorists  Picture Study  Developed out of desire to teach beauty through art and nature, neglected “modern” art Group Discussion: Image Selection for the Art Classroom What images do you tend to favor as an artist? What images do you tend to be drawn to use in the classroom? Why do you incorporate images into the classroom? What (if any) images should not be shown in the classroom?

Theorists 1800s  Walter Sargent  Drawing as a language and as a tool with which to think- a revolutionary idea  John Dewey  Ideal school provides physical, emotional, and intellectual freedom which brought creativity into the picture  Creativity learned in art leads to creativity in other areas  Arthur Wesley Dow  Composition/ elements and principles  Systematic instruction to produce a completed art product  Johann Freidrich Herbart  Father of Pedagogy/ Science of Education

Theorists 1900s-1930s  Skinner:  Behavior modification  Owatonna  Art for life (art in society)  Gestalt:  Max Wertheimer and others- problem solving and perception  Bauhaus:  German school founded by Gropius that focused on functional design

Theorists 1930s-1950s  D’Amico:  Emphasized creativity versus structure  Rogers  ONLY the self knows best  Cizek:  Father of art education. Child centered learning.  Piaget  4 stages of learning

Theorists 1930s-1950s  Viktor Lowenfeld  Creative Activity/ Creative and Mental Growth interested in creative and mental growth of students; placed students at the center of instruction and teacher preparation  5 stages of artistic development  William Heard Kilpatrick  Art in the service of concept formation (arts as related to other subject areas, project based)  Margaret Naumburg  Art in the subject of mental health (art gives students chance to alleviate/communicate needs

Theorists 1950s-1960s o Maslow o Hierarchy of needs o May: o Existential psychology o Feldman o Art criticism in education o Barkan: o Early proponent of content based art education

Theorists 1960s-present  Goleman:  Emotional Intelligences  Eisner:  Advocated change to content/curriculum oriented discipline  Gardner:  Multiple Intelligences o Smith o Journal of Aesthetic Education-writing about art education.

Theorists 1960s-present o Eric Jensen o Synthesizes brain development and arts research o Rudolph Arnheim o “Art and Visual Perception” (1954), “Film as Art” (1957) and “Visual Thinking” (1969). o Vygotsky o Zone of Proximal Development

Theorists 1960s-present  Freedman  Visual Culture o Getty Foundation o DBAE o Betty Edwards o Drawing with the Right Side of the Brain o Mary Ann Stankiewicz o Harvard Project Zero

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