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HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOURSELF?
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HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE YOUR INDIVIDUAL DRIVE TO BE SOCIALLY DESIRABLE?
LOW AVERAGE HIGH
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HOW WELL DO YOU KNOW YOURSELF?
SCORE RESULT 1 – 4 POINTS Low drive for social desirability Non-conformist; Social Rebel Try to appear different and independent of others Do not mind being left out of group 5 – 8 POINTS Average drive for social desirability Present yourself realistically to others Secure enough to show your faults as well as your virtues 9 – 10 POINTS High drive for social desirability Seek approval more than you should Shy about expressing yourself Struggle with feelings of inferiority
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Introduction to Psychology
WHY DO WE DO WHAT WE DO?
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WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY? Science (study) of behavior and mental processes
Seeks answers to questions about us How we think, feel, and act as we do Goals of systematic and scientific study: Describe or gather information about behavior Explain why behavior is occurring Hypothesis vs. Theory Use knowledge to predict future behavior Influence behavior in helpful ways How does psychiatry differ? Medical specialty (degree in medicine) Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders
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History of Psychology NATURE NURTURE
VS NATURE NURTURE It is human nature to be curious about ourselves and the world around us Aristotle - Greek naturalist and philosopher External world impacts mind Theorized about: Learning and memory Motivation and emotion Perception and personality Rene’ Descartes (1596 – 1650) Some ideas are innate Link between mind and body Monism – mind and body are one Wilhelm Wundt Set up first psychology laboratory Leipzig, Germany – 1879 Systematic study “Introspection” – individual observes, analyzes and reports his/her own mental experiences “Father” of modern-day psychology
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Differing Schools of Thought Historical Perspectives
Structuralism Functionalism Wilhelm Wundt Interested in basic elements of human experience Edward Bradford Titchener Used introspection (looking inward) to search for the mind’s structural elements Participant reports thoughts and feelings William James Taught first psychology class at Harvard (1875) Later wrote first psychology textbook Principles of Psychology Speculated that activities of thinking, feeling, learning, remembering all served one major function… Applied Darwin’s evolutionary theory Functionalists study how animals and humans adapt to their environment SURVIVAL
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Gestalt Psychology Gestalt Psychology
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Gestalt Psychology “The whole is greater than the sum of all parts”
German psychologists disagreed with principles of structuralism and behaviorism Max Wertheimer Wolfgang Kohler Kurt Koffka Perception involves a “whole pattern” – Gestalt Sensations assembled into perceptual experiences Preceded cognitive approach Provided foundation for study of perception
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Figure/Ground Relationship
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PROXIMITY CLOSURE CONTINUITY
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Contemporary Approaches in Psychology
Behavioral Humanistic Sociocultural Contemporary Approaches in Psychology Biological Psychoanalytic Cognitive
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Psychoanalytic Psychology
General Question: How do unresolved conflicts from childhood affect adult behavior? Focus on the unconscious mind Biological urges conflict with societal requirements and morality Sigmund Freud believed unconscious motivations and conflicts were responsible for our behavior Used to reveal operational & unconscious processes: Free association – objectively listening and interpreting patient responses Dream analysis
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Behavioral Psychology
Originated with the work of Ivan Pavlov “Pavlov’s Dog” Classical conditioning Learning through association Dog was conditioned to respond Stresses investigating observable behavior Used to explore development of behavior General Question: How do early learning experiences shape our behavior as adults?
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Behavioral Psychology cont’d
John Watson (Founder of Behaviorism) Psychology should concern itself only with observable facts of behavior All behavior is a result of conditioning B.F. Skinner Introduced concept of reinforcement Response to behavior that increases likelihood it will be repeated Operant conditioning Focus on predicting & controlling behavior Rewards and punishment Research Question: Can good study habits be learned?
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Humanistic Psychology
Humanists include: Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Environment serves as background to our internal growth Individual is not controlled by outside forces or the unconscious Emphasizes uniqueness of the individual General Question: How do people pursue goals that give their lives a sense of meaning and purpose? Research Question: Do I believe I can prepare for and pass the test?
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Humanistic Psychology cont’d
Abraham Maslow Carl Rogers Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Higher needs focused on once lower needs are met Best known for development of counseling Client-centered approach Forget the past and focus on the present Understanding subjective (personal) experiences Realization and Acceptance
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Cognitive Psychology Contributions by: Focus on:
Jean Piaget Noam Chomsky Focus on: How we process, store, and use information How information influences thinking, language, problem solving, and creativity Behavior influenced by variety of mental processes Perceptions Memories Expectations General Question: How do people solve problems, make decisions, and develop language? Research Question: How does caffeine affect memory?
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Biological Psychology
Impact of biology on our behavior How brain, nervous system, hormones, and genetics influence behavior How physical and chemical changes in our body influence our behavior General Question: How do biological structures and processes make behavior possible? Research Question: Do genes affect intelligence and personality?
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Sociocultural Psychology
Influence of cultural and ethnic similarities and differences on behavior and social functioning Perspectives and behaviors are shared by others of your culture Focus on: Different ethnic groups Attitudes, values, beliefs, social norms Issues of gender and socioeconomic status Impact human behavior and mental processes General Question: How do concepts of self differ across cultures? Research Question: How do people of different genders and ethnicities interact with one another?
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