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HISTORY & APPROACHES Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

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1 HISTORY & APPROACHES Chapter 1: What is Psychology?

2 PSYCHOLOGY The scientific study of behavior and mental processes. 1. 1.Science: The use of systematic methods to observe the natural world and to draw conclusions. ***Used to describe, predict, and explain behavior*** 2. 2.Behavior: Everything we do that can be directly observed. 3. 3.Mental processes: The thoughts, feelings, and motives that each of us experiences privately but that cannot be observed directly.

3 THINKING LIKE A PSYCHOLOGIST Critical thinking Critical thinking Skepticism Skepticism Objectivity Objectivity Empirical Method: Empirical Method: Gaining knowledge through the observation of events, the collection of data, and logical reasoning. Curiosity Curiosity

4 HISTORY Philosophy + Physiology = Psychology Philosophy + Physiology = Psychology Philosophy and Physiology are the intellectual parents of Psychology Philosophy and Physiology are the intellectual parents of Psychology Philosophy: The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Physiology: The branch of biology that deals with the normal functions of living organisms and their parts. Both explore the mind and body connection Both explore the mind and body connection

5 WILHELM WUNDT WILHELM WUNDT (1832-1920) German physician, philosopher, and professor German physician, philosopher, and professor University of Leipzig University of Leipzig Father of Psychology Father of Psychology Established psychology as an independent academic discipline in 1879 Established psychology as an independent academic discipline in 1879 Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in 1879 Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in 1879 Established the 1 st psychology journal in 1881 Established the 1 st psychology journal in 1881

6 WILLIAM JAMES WILLIAM JAMES (1842-1910) American physician, philosopher, and professor American physician, philosopher, and professor Harvard University Harvard University Father of American Psychology Father of American Psychology Established one of the first psychology laboratories in America Established one of the first psychology laboratories in America “Stream of consciousness”: The natural continuous flow of thoughts. “Stream of consciousness”: The natural continuous flow of thoughts. ***Psychology was born in Germany but grew up in America***

7 G. STANLEY HALL G. STANLEY HALL (1846-1924) American psychologist and professor American psychologist and professor 1st person to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University in 1878 1st person to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology from Harvard University in 1878 Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in America at Johns Hopkins University in 1883 Established the 1 st psychology laboratory in America at Johns Hopkins University in 1883 Established the 1 st psychology journal in America in 1887 Established the 1 st psychology journal in America in 1887 Helped establish the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892 Helped establish the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1892 Became the 1 st president of the APA in 1892 Became the 1 st president of the APA in 1892

8 IMPORTANT WOMEN Mary Whiton Calkins (1863-1930) (1863-1930) Studied under William James Studied under William James Harvard University refused to give her a Ph.D. Harvard University refused to give her a Ph.D. Became the 1 st women president of the APA in 1905 Became the 1 st women president of the APA in 1905 Margaret Floy Washburn (1871-1939) (1871-1939) Studied under Edward Titchener Studied under Edward Titchener 1st women to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology from Cornell University in 1894 1st women to receive a Ph.D. in Psychology from Cornell University in 1894 Became the 2 nd women president of the APA in 1921 Became the 2 nd women president of the APA in 1921

9 EARLY SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY 1. Structuralism Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener WHAT What is the mind? Rigid/static view of the mind Focuses on the elements, components, parts, or structures of consciousness Introspection: The careful, systematic observation of one's own conscious experience. 2. Functionalism William James WHY What is the mind for? Flexible/fluid view of the mind Flexible/fluid view of the mind Focuses on the purpose, adaptive nature, or function of consciousness (AND behavior) Influenced by Charles Darwin’s principle of natural selection

10 APPROACHES The different theoretical perspectives that underlie explanations of behavior. The different theoretical perspectives that underlie explanations of behavior. 1.Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic 2.Behavioral 3.Humanistic 4.Cognitive 5.Biological/Physiological 6.Sociocultural 7.Evolutionary 8.Biopsychosocial

11 PSYCHOANALYTIC/ PSYCHODYNAMIC An approach to psychology emphasizing unconscious thought, the conflict between biological drives and society's demands, and early childhood family experiences. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) 1900s Focuses on the unconscious, sex, aggression, early childhood conflicts

12 BEHAVIORAL An approach to psychology emphasizing the scientific study of observable behavioral responses and their environmental determinants. John B. Watson (1878-1958) Nature vs. Nurture B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) “Free will is an illusion” 1913 Focuses on observable behaviors, the environment, rewards and punishments, stimulus-response, determinism, experience, learning

13 HUMANISTIC An approach to psychology emphasizing a person's positive qualities, the capacity for positive growth, and the freedom to choose any destiny. Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) 1950s Focuses on free will, self-determinism, personal growth, self-actualization, self-concept

14 COGNITIVE An approach to psychology emphasizing the mental processes involved in knowing: how we direct our attention, perceive, remember, think, and solve problems. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) 1950s/1960s Focuses on information processing, mental processes: thinking, memory, problem solving, language

15 BIOLOGICAL/PHYSIOLOGICAL An approach to psychology focusing on the body, especially the brain and nervous system, to understanding behavior, thought, and emotion. James Olds (1922-1976) Roger Sperry (1919-1994) 1950s/1960s Focuses on neuroscience, biochemistry, neurotransmitter, hormones, genes, twins

16 SOCIOCULTURAL An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which social and cultural environments influence behavior. Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) 1980s Focuses on society, culture, ethnicity, social interaction

17 EVOLUTIONARY An approach to psychology centered on evolutionary ideas such as adaptation, reproduction, and natural selection as the basis for explaining specific human behaviors. David Buss (1953-) Leda Cosmides (1957-) 1980s/1990s Focus on adaptation, survival, reproduction

18 BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL An approach to psychology that examines the ways in which biological factors, psychological factors, and sociocultural factors combine to influence behavior.

19 PSYCHOLOGY AS A PROFESSION Psychology became a profession in the 1950s after WWII Psychology became a profession in the 1950s after WWII Most psychologist today work in… Most psychologist today work in… Academia- teach and do research at colleges and universities Academia- teach and do research at colleges and universities Mental health- Mental health- diagnosis and treat psychological disorders and everyday behavioral problems Clinical Clinical Private practice Private practice Applied psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems. Applied psychology: The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems. The APA has 56 specific subfields of psychology The APA has 56 specific subfields of psychology

20 MAIN AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Clinical Psychology Clinical Psychology Cognitive Psychology Cognitive Psychology Counseling Psychology Counseling Psychology Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology Educational Psychology Educational Psychology Forensic Psychology Forensic Psychology Health Psychology Health Psychology Human Factors Human Factors Industrial–organizational Psychology Industrial–organizational Psychology Personality Psychology Personality Psychology Physiological Psychology Physiological Psychology Psychometrics Psychometrics Social Psychology Social Psychology Sports Psychology Sports Psychology

21 DIFFERENCES IN PRACTICE CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST Psychologists who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and everyday problems. Has a Masters or a Ph.D. in Psychology Has a Masters or a Ph.D. in Psychology CANNOT prescribe drugs CANNOT prescribe drugs PSYCHIATRIST Physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Has a Medical Degree (MD) CAN prescribe drugs

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