1. Becoming an Effective Teacher of Reading
Chapter 1
Tompkins, G. (2010). Literacy for the 21st Century. A Balanced Approach. Boston: Allyn & Bacon

2. What is Literacy
Literacy…is not a prescription of certain books to read or concepts to devine. Rather…it is a tool, a way to learn about the world and a means to participate more fully in the technological society of the 21st Century.

3. Principles of Effective Teaching
Effective Teachers Understand How Children Learn
Effective Teachers Support Children’s use of the Four Cueing Systems
Effective Teachers Create A Community of Learners
Effective Teachers Adopt A Balanced Approach to Literacy Instruction]
Effective Teachers Scaffold Children’s Reading and Writing Experiences

4. Principles of Effective Teaching (con’t)
6. Effective Teachers Organize Literacy Instruction in Various Ways
7. Effective Teachers Connect Instruction and Assessment (“authentic assessment”)
8. Effective Teachers become partners with parents

5. Effective Teachers Understand How Children Learn: Learning Theories
Behaviorism
Constructivism
Sociolinguistics
Cognitive/Information Processing

6. Effective Teachers Understand How Children Learn: Learning Theories
Behaviorism
teacher centered/teacher as dispenser of knowledge
reading is viewed as a conditioned response
Children learn by learning a series of skills and subskills
Teacher control –rewards and punishments
Examples: Basal readers, repeated readings, lectures, minilessons, etc.

7. Constructivism (Piaget)-
emphasis on background knowledge/schema and prior experiences
children actively construct meaning/knowledge (Dewey)
Teachers engage students with classroom experiences
Collaboration-students work together to construct meaning
Engagement –engaged students believe they can succeed/have high self-efficacy (Bandura)
Motivation-engaged students are motivated
Examples: KWL charts, DRTA, Lit. Focus Units, Projects, Cooperative learning, etc

8. Sociolinguistics (Vygotsky)
Oral language provides the foundation for learning to read and write
children learn through language and social interaction
Zone of Proximal Development (range between dev. level and potential level
Scaffolding-support mechanisms
Authentic Literacy Activities
culturally and socially responsive
Critical Literacy (Friere)-Literacy as a means of thinking about, questioning, etc… social issues (e.g., inequities and injustices in society

9. Critical Literacy As Highest Level (Luke and Freebody)
Code Breakers-decoding through phonics and word identification
Text Participants- students learn about structure and genre to understand what they read
Text Users-read and compare texts, genres, and write in a variety of genres
Text Critics-examine issues raised in texts

10. Cognitive/Information Processing
unobservable mental processes
compares mind to computer
students are active learners using knowledge to solve problems
Reading and writing integrated
Meaning making processes
Strategic reading and writing
Examples: Guided Reading, Graphic Organizers, Grand convwesations, reciprocal questioning

11. Reading as a Process: Interactive and Transactive
Reading and Writing are MeaningMaking Processes
Readers use a combination of reader-based and text based information to comprehend
Transactive/Reader Response (Rosenblatt)
A two-way transaction between reader and text
Readers interpretations are individualized because they bring different background knowledge to the text and read for different (negotiate a meaning)
efferent stance-reading to locate information
aesthetic stance-reading for pleasure

12. Effective Teachers Support Children’s use of the Four Cueing Systems
The Phonological System-Sound-Symbol Relationship-44 sounds and 500 ways to spell them (phoneme, grapheme, phonological awareness, phonemic awareness, phonics )
The Syntactic System-the structural system the structural system that governs how words are combined into sentences (syntax, morpheme, root words, affixes)
The Semantic System- The meaning system of English that focuses on comprehension (semantics, synonyms, antonyms)
The Pragmatic System –language varies depending on social and cultural uses
See Page 13

13. Classroom Community risk taking demonstration responsibility
opportunities
risk taking
response
assessment
Instruction
engagement
choice
time

14. Partner with parents Home-school connection (or disconnection)
Reach out
Build knowledge
Home literacy activities (traveling book bags, clubs, online reading, journals, etc)

15. Components of Balanced Literacy Instruction
Phonemic Awareness
Phonics
Comprehension Reading
Word Study/Vocabulary
Fluency +
Spelling
Writing Reading
Assessment
Content Area Study
Reading

16. Scaffolding Students’ Reading and Writing
Modeled Reading
Shared Reading
Interactive Reading
Guided Reading
Independent Reading
See P. 21

17. English Language Learners
Explicit instruction
Oral language
Small group work
Reading aloud
Background knowledge
Authentic literacy activities

18. Twelve Principles (Burns, Roe, & Smith, 2002)
5) Students should be taught word recognition strategies that will allow them to unlock the pronunciations and meanings of unfamiliar words independently
6) The teacher should assess each student’s reading ability and use the assessment as a basis for planning instruction
7) Reading and the other language arts are closely interrelated
8) Using complete literature selections in the reading programs is important

19. Twelve Principles (Burns, Roe, & Smith, 2002) con’t
9)Reading is an integral part of all content area instruction
10) The student needs to see that reading can be an enjoyable pursuit
11) Reading should be taught in a way that allows each child to experience success.
12) Encouragement of self-direction and self-monitoring of reading is important

20. A Balanced Approach To Literacy Instruction...
A variety of instructional strategies
A variety of instructional material
Uses trade books, leveled books, and basal readers
Authenic Literacy Activities
Develops Students Skills Knowledge (decoding, comprehension, spelling, etc.)
Includes word study and phonics within authentic literacy activities
Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, and Viewing (integrated language arts)