Grouping bags that carry your books Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

Taxonomy Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus) Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus & species names

Chapter 17: Classification

What does it mean to classify? Could you imagine your closet or your drawers in your room not being organized? What if you just threw the kitchen utensils into a drawer? Puts order into a system or group Give some examples from your life where you have formed a classification system to make your life easier

Taxonomy Field of biology that names and groups organisms according to their characteristics and evolutionary history

Classification systems 1st system – Aristotle’s grouped plants and animals by land, sea and air. Modern system - Carolus Linnaeus (1707 – 1778)

Modern system is based on morphological similarities. Hierarchy of eight groups (Taxa) Domain – New taxon. Eukarya Kingdom – largest most inclusive grouping- Animalia Phylum (Division in plants)- Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Hominidae Genus - Homo species – most exclusive, specific group. Members of this grouping can mate and produce viable offspring - sapiens varieties – same species but with slight differences subspecies – same species, different location

Some past systems Linnaeus 1735 2 kingdoms Haeckel 1866 3 kingdoms Chatton 1937 2 empires Copeland 1956 4 kingdoms Whittaker 1969 5 kingdoms Woese et al. 1977[8] 6 kingdoms Woese et al. 1990[9] 3 domains (not treated) Protista Prokaryota Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Archaebacteria Archaea Plantae Eukarya Vegetabilia Fungi Animalia

What’s in a name? Binomial nomenclature – each species in given a two part name Genus name – Homo or Homo species name – species identifier – usually descriptive - sapiens or sapiens **Latin is the language of classification – universal and does not evolve (Dead language)

Today, we use Phylogeny (based on evolutionary history) for classification Systematics – organizes living things in the context of evolution Phylogenetic tree – family tree that shows evolutionary relationships. Use morphology and ontogeny (embryological development). Look at early development. Zygote (1 cell) to morula(solid ball of cells), to blastula (hollow ball stage) with the blastopore (indentation of gastrula) becoming the anterior end of the digestive tract in most animals. In echinoderms (sea stars) and chordates (that’s us), it is the posterior end. So we are more closely related to the echinoderms than the Arthropods (Insects and crustaceans)

Blastopore Zygote Morula Blastula

Also used: Fossil record Macromolecules – comparison of DNA and proteins. More proteins in common, more recently two species shared a common ancestor. “Molecular clock” model compares amino acids in a protein sequence. Ie. Our Hemoglobin and a gorilla’s is only 1 amino acid off in a chain of 146 amino acids. Chromosomes – More similar the karyotypes, the more similar the organisms

Cladistics Named for branches of trees called clades Uses certain features (derived characters) to show evolutionary relationships Derived characteristics – unique feature to a group (feathers in birds) Cladistics, ignores when and where a branch occurs, using only derived characters to define each branch point by a fundamental character of evolutionary significance.

Cladogram is a useful way of organizing, in a visual way, the relationships between creatures that share and do not share derived characters. Construction begins with data; a table of traits or characteristics that have evolved or been derived by the evolutionary process.

Derived Characters segmented jaws hair placenta multicellular kangaroo limbs kangaroo + - earthworm amoeba lizard cat sponge salmon

Amoeba Sponge Earthworm Salmon Lizard Kangaroo Cat Placenta Hair Limbs Jaws Segmented Multicellular

Monotreme mammals Marsupial mammals Placental mammals Fish Amphibians Reptiles Birds Warm-blooded Placenta Early Internal development Hair Amniotic egg Lungs

The New and Improved Six Kingdom System Cell Type # of Cells Nutrition Representative organism Archaebacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens Eubacteria E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Spirochetes Protista Eukaryotic Uni, multi or colonial Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Diatoms Fungi Uni or Multicellular Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, smuts, rusts Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic (some heterotrophic) Mosses, ferns, Horsetails, Conifers, Flowering plants Animalia Sponges, Coral, Sea stars, EW, Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Archaebacteria Many live in harsh environments (extremophiles) – Archae – Ancient Asexually reproduces by binary fission

Eubacteria Eu – true Most of the bacteria belong here Asexually reproduces by binary fission

Protista Pro – first Plant-like, Animal-like and Fungus-like characteristics. Least clear cut of all kingdoms. Asexually by binary fission & segmentation

Fungi Absorptive heterotrophs. Cell walls made of chitin. Reproduces sexually and asexually

Plantae Multicellular photosynthetic organisms a cell wall made of cellulose Reproduces asexually and sexually

Animalia Multicellular ingestive heterotrophs. Reproduces asexually and sexually

Three - Domain System Woese compared rRNA to show that living things can be grouped into 3 groups/domains The domains: Bacteria (Eubacteria) Archaea (Archaebacteria) Eukarya (Everything else)

Human Classification: Domain - Eukarya Kingdom – Animalia Phylum – Chordata Class – Mammalia Order – Primate Family – Hominidae Genus – Homo species – sapiens

Dichotomous key Uses a branching system of two features to separate steps. Helps in identification process 1A. With hair Mammal B. Without hair Go to 2 2A. Has scales Go to 3 B. Does not have scales Go to 4 3A. Has a three chambered heart Reptiles B. Has a two chambered heart Fish 4A. Has feathers Birds B. Does not have feathers Amphibians

Dichotomous Key Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3 2a. Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug b. Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper 3a. Wings fold against body......................Housefly b. Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

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