2. Grouping bags that carry your books 1.Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books 2.Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group 3.Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them 4.Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. 5.Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)

3. Taxonomy 1.Determine a common name for all the bags that carry your books 2.Divide your bags into 2 – 3 groups based on a common characteristic for each group 3.Divide each group from #2 into 2-3 groups depending on their common characteristics & move them 4.Continue to do this 4 more times, getting more specific each time. 5.Once you get to an end point where you can no longer divide them up, start giving them two part names (Purpleus bistrapus)Kingdom Family Phylum Class Order Genus & species names

4. Chapter 18: Classification

5. You are required to put on clothes each day before coming to school. How do you go about this in the most efficient manner to get you out of the house on time for school each day? There are 1.9 million different identified species (alive and extinct) How can we keep all these organisms in order?

6. Classification –is the method of logically grouping organisms based on some common characteristics Taxonomy –does the actual grouping into the groups called TAXON (p – TAXA) with some kind of biological significance. –Ie. Things that fly, swim, walk, have feathers, etc.

7. How many different terms can you think of for trying to tell someone something is really good? Do these terms have meanings that may confuse someone else? There is a need for a common term to describe an individual organism so that all people understand when the term is used. Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linne - mid 1700’s) came up with the system of Binomial Nomenclature. –Every species has the same scientific name regardless of native language

8. Carolus Linnaeus He assigned two Latin names to each different species of organisms. This is their Scientific name. Homo sapiens (human) Homo sapiens Ursus maritimus (polar bear) Ursus maritimus Acer rubrum (red maple) Ursus arctos (grizzly bear)

9. Cur Latin? Scientific names will always be in Latin. Latin is a dead language that will not evolve unlike other languages. Little chance of change through time. Universally understood in the science community

10. The Taxonomic order: From the largest, most inclusive group to the smallest, most exclusive, specific taxa. Taxa Human Grizzly Chimp Kingdom Animalia AnimaliaAnimalia Phylum Chordata ChordataChordata Class Mammalia Mammalia Mammalia Order Primate CarnivoraPrimate Family Hominoidae UrsidaeHominoidae Genus Homo UrsusPan Species sapiens arctostroglodyte Which two organisms are more closely related and why?

11. Modern methods of classification rely on evolutionary relationships (phylogenies) in place of homologous structures. –Birds, bats and insects should not be classified together because they all have wings and fly.

12. Evolutionary classification classifies organisms in taxa based on lines of common descent, not physical similarities –Uses proteins, DNA and genes to determine classification and relatedness Human Genome project that decoded our DNA helped to show evolutionary relationships with other species, even totally unrelated species. Think back to your Amino Acid lab –The more closely related organisms are, the more Amino acids they will have in common and the more recently they evolved from some kind of common ancestry.

13. Kingdoms and Domains 1700’s – Plants and Animals only 1800’s – Protists, Plants and Animals 1950’s – 5 Kingdom system, including Fungus and Monera Now – 6 Kingdoms divided into 3 Domains

14. Domains: 1.Bacteria 1.Bacteria – Unicellular, prokaryotic (no nuclear membrane) with cell walls made up of peptidoglycan. –Kingdoms: Eubacteria –Kingdoms: Eubacteria – true bacteria. “Normal “ bacteria 2.Archaea 2.Archaea – Unicellular, prokaryotic but do not have cell walls containing peptidoglycan. These are primitive organisms that could withstand very harsh environments and a lack of oxygen. –Kingdom: Archaebacteria –Kingdom: Archaebacteria – methanogens in the digestive tract of animals and halophiles that live in the Dead Sea.

15. Eukarya 3.Eukarya – Eukaryotic organisms. May be uni or multi cellular. All have nuclear membranes –Kingdom: Protista –Kingdom: Protista – basically unicellular. Have plant-like, animal – like or fungus- like representatives. ***Most difficult kingdom to classify. No clear cut boundaries. Ie.Amoeba, paramecium, slime mold, Volvox –Kingdom Fungi –Kingdom Fungi – Absorptive heterotrophs, basically multicellular organisms with cell walls made up of chitin. Ie. Yeast, mushroom, molds –Kingdom Plantae –Kingdom Plantae – Multicellular, photosynthetic organisms. All are autotrophic. Nonmotile with cell walls containing cellulose. Ie. Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants and some algae. –Kingdom Animalia –Kingdom Animalia – Multicellular, ingestive heterotrophs. All lack cell walls. Motile for some time in their life cycle. Ie. Sponges, jelly fish, worms, insects, octopus, fish, birds, amphibians reptiles, you

16. The New and Improved Six Kingdom System KingdomCell Type# of CellsNutrition Representative organism Archaebacteria Domain Archaea ProkaryoticUnicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Blue-green bacteria, Methanogens Eubacteria Domain - Bacteria ProkaryoticUnicellular Autotrophic or Heterotrophic E.coli, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Spirochetes Protista Eukaryotic Uni, multi or colonial Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Plasmodium, Diatoms Fungi Eukaryotic Uni or Multicellular Absorptive Heterotroph Yeast, Mushrooms, Molds, smuts, rusts Plantae EukaryoticMulticellular Autotrophic (some heterotrophic) Mosses, ferns, Horsetails, Conifers, Flowering plants Animalia EukaryoticMulticellular Ingestive Heterotroph Sponges, Coral, Sea stars, EW, Insects, Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

17. Dichotomous Key Is a method for determining the identity of something by going through a series of choices that leads the user to the correct name of the organism. Dichotomous means "divided in two parts". At each step of the process of using the key, the user is given two choices; each alternative leads to another question until the item is identified

18. 1a. Wings covered by an exoskeleton…..... Go to 2 b. Wings not covered by an exoskeleton …Go to 3 2a.Body has a round shape………….......Ladybug b.Body has an elongated shape.......Grasshopper 3a.Wings fold against body......................Housefly b.Wings point out from sides……..…….Dragonfly

19. 1 9 5 8 4 6 2 3 7 10

21. Why Classify? The SystemUs Guess the Kingdom by cell wall More of Guessing the Kingdom Pot Pourri How many species have been identified? Modern system of classfication was developed by this man Our Kingdom All members have a cell wall made up of peptidoglycan Eukaryotic, basically unicellular members Least defined kingdom The science of classfication 2 part name for all organisms Phylum Cell walls made up of chitin Eukaryotic but multicellular and can photosythesisize Proper way to write a scientific name Who came up with the first classfication system? Language of classfication Class All members have cell walls made up of cellulose Prokaryotic, unicellular that may cause us to become ill What is used to classify an organism How the above classified living things? Why the above is used in classification OrderNo cell walls at all Prokaryotic, unicellular and can tolerate really harsh conditions Tool used to help identify unfamiliar organisms Why do we classify living things? Order of taxaFamily Some members have cell walls of cellulose, others have no cell walls while some have chitin cell walls All but one are multicellular eukaryotes that are absorptive heterotrophs What the above uses to help identify an organism Name the 3 domains Most inclusive taxon and most exclusive taxon Genus & species Have a cell wall but not containing peptidoglycan and no nucleus Multicellular, eukaryotic, ingestive heterotrophs Our domain

22. Why Classify? The SystemUs Guess the Kingdom by cell wall More of Guessing the Kingdom Pot Pourri 1.5 Million to dateCarolus LinnaeusAnimaliaEubacteriaProtista Protista has plant- like, animal-like and fungus-like characteristics Taxonomy Binomial nomenclature ChordataFungusPlantae Homo sapiens or Homo sapiens AristotleLatinMammaliaPlantaeEubacteria Comparative biochemistry, morphology, evolutionary trends Land, sea or air Dead language that will not change or evolve. Words stay the same PrimateAnimaliaArchaebacteriaDichotomous key To put order to all living things and to help identify them Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & species HominoidaeaProtistaFungusPaired statements Archaea. Bacteria, Eukarya Domain then Kingdom species Homo sapiensArchaebacteriaAnimaliaEukarya