1. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu To View the presentation as a slideshow with effects select “View” on the menu bar and click on “Slide Show.” To advance through the presentation, click the right-arrow key or the space bar. From the resources slide, click on any resource to see a presentation for that resource. From the Chapter menu screen click on any lesson to go directly to that lesson’s presentation. You may exit the slide show at any time by pressing the Esc key. How to Use This Presentation

2. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter Presentation TransparenciesStandardized Test Prep Visual Concepts Resources

3. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Classification Chapter 17 Table of Contents Section 1 Biodiversity Section 2 Systematics Section 3 Modern Classification

4. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Objectives Relate biodiversity to biological classification. Explain why naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system. Identify the main criterion that Linnaeus used to classify organisms. List the common levels of modern classification from general to specific.

5. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Classifying Organisms Naturalists have invented several systems for categorizing biodiversity, which is the variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

6. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Taxonomy Naturalists replaced Aristotle’s classification system because it did not adequately cover all organisms and because his use of common names was problematic. Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms.

7. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Taxonomy, continued The Linnaean System –Carolus Linnaeus devised a seven-level hierarchical system for classifying organisms according to their form and structure. –From the most general to the most specific,the levels are kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,genus, and species.

8. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Classification Hierarchy of Organisms Section 1 Biodiversity

9. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Linnaeus’s Levels of Classification Section 1 Biodiversity

10. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 1 Biodiversity Chapter 17 Levels of Classification Binomial Nomenclature –An important part of Linnaeus’s system was assigning each species a two-part scientific name—a genus name, such as Homo, and a species identifier, such as sapiens. –This system of a two-part name is known as binomial nomenclature.

11. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Objectives Identify the kinds of evidence that modern biologists use in classifying organisms. Explain what information a phylogenetic diagram displays. State the criteria used in cladistic analysis. Describe how a cladogram is made. Discuss how proteins and chromosomes are used to classify organisms. Explain cladistic taxonomy, and identify one conclusion that is in conflict with classical taxonomy.

12. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics A modern approach to taxonomy is systematics, which analyzes the diversity of organisms in the context of their natural relationships. When classifying organisms, scientists consider fossils, homologous features, embryos, chromosomes, and the sequences of proteins and DNA.

13. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics, continued A phylogenetic diagram displays how closely related a subset of taxa are thought to be.

14. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Phylogeny Section 2 Systematics

15. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Phylogenetics, continued Evidence of Shared Ancestry –Homologous features as well as similarities in patterns of embryological development provide information about common ancestry.

16. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics Cladistics uses shared, derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa.

17. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Cladogram: Major Groups of Plants Section 2 Systematics

18. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics, continued Molecular Cladistics –Molecular similarities (such as similar amino acid or nucleotide sequences), as well as chromosome comparisons, can help determine common ancestry.

19. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 Systematics Chapter 17 Cladistics, continued Chromosomes –Analyzing karyotypes can provide more information on evolutionary relationships.

20. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Similarities in Amino Acid Sequences Section 2 Systematics

21. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Cladistics Section 2 Systematics

22. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Phylogenetic Diagram of Mammals Section 2 Systematics

23. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Objectives Describe the evidence that prompted the invention of the three- domain system of classification. List the characteristics that distinguish between the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Describe the six-kingdom system of classification. Identify problematic taxa in the six-kingdom system. Explain why taxonomic systems continue to change.

24. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 The Tree of Life Revising the Tree –The phylogenetic analysis of rRNA nucleotide sequences by Carol Woese led to a new “tree of life” consisting of three domains aligned with six kingdoms.

25. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

26. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued Domain Bacteria –Domain Bacteria aligns with Kingdom Eubacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that are true bacteria.

27. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued Domain Archaea –Domain Archaea aligns with Kingdom Archaebacteria, which consists of single-celled prokaryotes that have distinctive cell membranes and cell walls.

28. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Three Domains of Life, continued Domain Eukarya –Domain Eukarya includes the kingdoms Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia. –All members of this domain have eukaryotic cells.

29. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Phylogenetic Diagram of Major Groups of Organisms Section 3 Modern Classification

30. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 3 Modern Classification Chapter 17 Six Kingdoms

31. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Chapter 17 Kingdom and Domain Characteristics Section 3 Modern Classification

32. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice 1. Which information is given in a species name? A. genus and order B. division and genus C. genus and species identifier D. species identifier and phylum Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

33. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 1. Which information is given in a species name? A. genus and order B. division and genus C. genus and species identifier D. species identifier and phylum Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

34. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong? F. class G. order H. genus J. kingdom Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

35. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 2. To which level of classification does a group of closely related species of organisms belong? F. class G. order H. genus J. kingdom Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

36. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom? A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

37. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 3. Eukaryotic organisms that have a nucleus and organelles, have a cell wall made of chitin, and secrete digestive enzymes belong to which kingdom? A. Fungi B. Plantae C. Protista D. Animalia Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

38. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the cladogram to answer question 4. The cladogram shows the phylogenetic relationships among four kinds of plants. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

39. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. On the basis of this cladogram, which plants share the most recent common ancestor? F. mosses and ferns G. mosses and pine trees H. ferns and flowering plants J. pine trees and flowering plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

40. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 4. On the basis of this cladogram, which plants share the most recent common ancestor? F. mosses and ferns G. mosses and pine trees H. ferns and flowering plants J. pine trees and flowering plants Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

41. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 5. class : order :: kingdom : A. genus B. domain C. species D. phylum Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

42. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Complete the following analogy: 5. class : order :: kingdom : A. genus B. domain C. species D. phylum Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

43. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued Use the diagram below to answer question 6. The diagram represents the eight levels of classification. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

44. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which level of classification represents a species? F. A G. C H. D J. G Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

45. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Multiple Choice, continued 6. Which level of classification represents a species? F. A G. C H. D J. G Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

46. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response Consider the characteristics of members of Kingdom Protista. Explain why Kingdom Protista includes so many diverse organisms. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

47. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Short Response, continued Consider the characteristics of members of Kingdom Protista. Explain why Kingdom Protista includes so many diverse organisms. Answer: Protists, such as amoebas, are eukaryotes and are more complex than prokaryotes. They can be unicellular or multicellular. They can also be animal-like or plant-like. Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17

48. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17 Extended Response Base your answers to parts A & B on the information below. To study the biodiversity of a rain forest, researchers sometimes collect species in vast numbers. Part A How would traditional taxonomy aid a researcher who found 955 beetle species in one kind of tropical tree? Part B How could molecular phylogenetics assist that same researcher?

49. Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Standardized Test Prep Chapter 17 Extended Response, continued Answer: Part A The beetles would be divided into groups based on observable characters, such as form and structure. Part B Beetles would be divided into groups based on amino acid or nucleotide sequences, which could be used to separate beetle species that look very similar.