1. Classification
Chapter 18

2. Taxonomy The field of biology that deals with classifying organisms.
Each level is called a Taxon.

3. How do Taxonomists classify?
Physical Structures
Embryological Development
Chemical Processes
DNA

4. There are 8 major levels for classification!

5. Organisms within each category are:
more closely related as you move from the domain toward the species level!

6. Species
Recall… a species is a group of organisms that share most characteristics and can interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

7. Domains are:
The largest groups in the modern classification system. There are 3 domains shown above.

8. The next level down from domain is…
Kingdom

9. As shown above, each domain includes:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
As shown above, each domain includes:
1 or more kingdoms of organisms

10. The domain Bacteria is made up of:
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
The domain Bacteria is made up of:
1 Kingdom: Eubacteria “true bacteria”

11. Recall that bacteria:
are single celled prokaryotes. Their cell walls contain a substance called peptidoglycan

12. The domain Archaea also contains:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
The domain Archaea also contains:
1 kingdom, archaebacteria.

13. The cell walls of archaea DO NOT contain Peptidoglycan.
Archaea live in extreme environments like thermal vents and salt lakes.

14. The domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms:
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya
Kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
The domain Eukarya contains 4 kingdoms:
Protista (protists), Fungi, Plantae (plants), and Animalia (animals)

15. All members of the Eukarya Kingdom are eukaryotes!

16. “Autotrophs - Organism that makes its own food
Heterotroph - Feeds on other organisms.”
–Johnny Appleseed

17. Kingdoms in the Domain Eukarya
Characteristics
Examples
Protista
Unicellular or Multicellular, nucleus, plasma membrane. May have a cell wall and chloroplasts, includes heterotrophs and autotrophs.
Euglenas, algae, paramecia, amoebas
Fungi
Unicellular or multicellular, has a nucleus, plasma membrane, and cell wall. Only heterotrophs.
Yeasts, mushrooms, molds, mildews
Plantae
Multicellular, nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, chloroplasts. Only autotrophs.
Mosses, ferns, trees, grasses
Animalia
Multicellular, nucleus, plasma membrane, no cell wall or chloroplasts, only heterotrophs.
Sponges, worms, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

18. Kingdoms are divided into Phyla or Phylum
Phyla are subdivided into classes, then orders, family, genera, and species.

19. Binomial Nomenclature
Giving each organism a 2 part name

20. First part of name is genus:
This includes related species

21. Second part of name identifies the organism’s species

22. Binomial Nomenclature was created by:
A swedish botanist in the 1700’s: Carolus Linnaeus

23. Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

24. Scientists show the development of groups of organisms from a common ancestor in branching diagrams called Phylogenetic Trees.

25. Evolutionary Relationships can also be shown through:
Cladograms

26. Dichotomous Keys
A tool that can be used to determine the identity of something by matching observations to a series of paired statements or questions.